Comparing Edna of Kate Chopins The Awakening and Nora of Henrik Ibsen

Comparing Edna of Kate Chopins The Awakening and Nora of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Kate Chopins work, The Awakening, and Henrik Ibsens play, A Dolls House, were written at a metre when men dominated women in every feeling of life. Edna Pontellier, the protagonist in The Awakening, and Nora, the protagonist in A Dolls House, atomic number 18 trapped in a world dominated by men. The assumed superiority of their husbands traps them in their households. Edna and Nora sh ar many similarities, yet differ from each other in many ways. Two main similarities of Edna and Nora are that they both have an awakening and are like caged birds without freedom one main difference is that Edna lives in reality and Nora lives in a fantasy world. Other similarities are each protagonist seems well-chosen about her marriage in the beginning, is controlled by her husband, and has a secret. Despite all the similarities, the two protagonists differ in several ways Edna does what she wants while Nora dreams about what she wants Edna has a mind of her own while Nora seems to be a scattered brain wife and Edna stops taking care of her children all together while Nora cares for the children on and off. An image of a green and yellow parrot in a cage occurs throughout The Awakening the parrot represents how Edna Pontellier is trapped in her marriage to Leonce Pontellier. During that time period women were expected to stay at home and perform household duties, take care of their husbands, and take care of their children women were not supposed to be improve and did not hold a career. Edna realizes she does not want to perform the expected duties of a woman because she is not happy just being a wife and mother. In the beginning of ... ...n reality. Ibsen and Chopin both wrote stories that represent the oppression of women in the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century The Awakening and A Dolls House are realistic writings that show societys treatment of women. W orks Cited and Consulted Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym et al. second ed. Vol. 2. New York W. W. Norton & Co., 1985. Durbach, Errol. A Dolls House Ibsens Myth of Transformation. Boston Twayne, 1991. Ibsen, Henrik. A Dolls House. Literature and Ourselves. 2nd Ed. Ed. by Gloria Henderson, Bill Day, and Sandra Waller. New York Longman, 1997 Martin, Wendy, ed. Introduction. New Essays on The (Awakening. New York, NY Cambridge UP, 1988. Templeton, Joan. The Doll House Backlash Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen. PMLA (January 1989) 28-40.

The Invincible Criminal Essay -- Crime & Punishment

Imagine losing your retirement funds or being a victim of a mortgage fraud because money from your bank account disappeared overnight The 1996 report of the National Criminal Justice Commission estimated that the annual monetary value of white-collar wickedness is between $130 billion and $472 billion, seven to twenty-five times greater than the cost of conventional or street crime (Conklin, 2010, P. 71). professional crime in America is considered larceny committed by the wealthy, respected, and legitimate enterprise which is not set up or intended to go reveal of business like an ordinary fraud or con game. White-collar crime offenses may involve forgery, embezzlement, or fraud involving massive amounts of money. Offenders commit fraudulent acts in the course of normal business practice, but is considered unethical and violates accepted accounting principles and mainly public trust. To help better assure the issue the essay will explain several incidents which are involved with white collar crime and how it hurts many individuals from families to businesses. Even though white-collar crime offenders gain an increase in salary and may go unnoticed, the criminal justice system should slip by to take a military posture on white collar crime. Because mainly white collar crime is a serious invincible crime, laws that regulate white collar crimes are necessary, and impacts societys way of life. Additionally, a proposed suggestion will be presented to counter the identified problems and conclude final thoughts on white-collar crime. At the end of the day the goal to continue law regulations against white collar crime while maintaining public protection will be the driving emphasis behind this essay. Defining White- pick up annoyance First, the criminal just... .... N., Gilbert, J. A., & Konopaske, R. (2003). Deterring white-collarcrime. Academy Of Management Executive, 17(2), 114-127. Retrieved April 20, 2012from EBSCOhost. (doi10.5465/AME.2003.10025206)Madd an, S., Hartley, R., Walker, J., & Miller, J.. (2012). Sympathy for the Devil AnExploration of Federal Judicial Discretion in the Processing of White-Collar Offenders.American daybook of Criminal Justice AJCJ, 37(1), 4-18. Retrieved April 19, 2012,from ProQuest Criminal Justice. (Document ID 2586601701).Podgor, E.. (2007). The Challenge of White Collar Sentencing. Journal of Criminal Law &Criminology, 97(3), 731-759. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from ProQuest Criminal Justice.(Document ID 1392880651).U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation (1989). White Collar Crime AReport to the Public. Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office.

research study on gender differences Essay -- essays research papers

Non-verbal communication is defined as communication without words. (Devito, 116) Throughout your interpersonal interactions, your face communicates many things, especially your emotions. (Devito, 125) Women are stereotyped in like a shots society as to being to a greater extent than emotional than men in emotional settings. Not in all instances is this true, however, men feel they need to set a strong, domineering, display of their emotions and the way they react towards certain emotional situations. Gender display rules are a set of rules that usually either potent or female follow in order to fit their specific gender script in society. It is stated in the textbook that women talk more about feelings and emotions and use communication for emotional expression more then men, and because of this females express themselves facially more than men. (Devito, 148) The look into article I chose to summarize for dissociate two of the textbook is titled, Gender Difference in seventh cranial nerve Reaction to Fear-relevant Stimuli. The focus of this was to discover whether females are predominantly more facially reactive than males, or whether females are more emotionally reactive in general, as reflected even by non-facial reactions such as autonomic responding and emotional experience. (Thunberg & Dimberg)In previous research on nonverbal communication, results stated that females tend to be more emotional than men in emotional situations. (Thunberg & Dimberg) Research also found that imagery-induced emotions as wellspring as visually presented emotional stimuli generate specific facial electromyogram responses that are interpretable as negative and positive emotional responses. Further studies with EMG testing, which is a test that evaluates reactions towards emotional activity, shows that women are more emotionally reactive in general. With these given results to previous research, the authors of this article presented two hypotheses, which they will use t o justify the following study. These hypotheses are, 1. That when exposed to emotional stimuli, females are specifically more facially reactive, but not more reactive in other respects, and, 2, that females are more emotionally reactive in general. (Thunberg & Dimberg, 2) The main purpose of the study was to distinguish the results between the two given hypotheses. Ninety-six students from Uppsala ... ...n my family, I can speak that my family is unlike when it comes to gender display rules. When I was fourteen years old I was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. When I found out the diagnosis, I cried for weeks, along with my mother, start, and brother. My father and brother were not ashamed to cry in the hospital with me. However, my family has always been emotional, and I am aware that every family and person is different. Thus, having an emotional family, gave me reason to debate that it is not true that men dont cry or show emotions. Of course, everyone is different, and after t aking this class in concert with Family and Society I am on my way to a very open attitude about a lot of different aspects on different issues with Gender, families, communication skills, etc., where to in the beginning I was very objective to everyone and everything, except my own. ReferencesDevito, Joseph A. Messages Building Interpersonal Communication Skills. Hunter College of the City University of New York. United States, 2005Thunberg, Monika, Dimberg, Ulf. Gender Difference in Facial Reaction to Fear-Relevant Stimuli. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. New York Spring 2000. Vol. 24, Iss1 PG 45

La Malinche Essay -- essays research papers

"La Malinche." Slave, congresswoman, secretary, mistress, mother of the first "Mexican." her very name assuage stirs up controversy. Many Mexicans continue to revile the woman called Doa Marina by the Spaniards and La Malinche by the Aztecs, labeling her a traitor and harlot for her role as the alter-ego of Cortes as he conquered Mexico.They ignore that she saved thousands of Indian lives by enabling Cortes to negotiate rather than slaughter. Her ability to communicate also enabled the Spaniards to introduce Christianity and attempt to extirpate human sacrifice and cannibalism. Herself a convert, baptized Marina, she was an eloquent advocate for her new faith. As for the charges against her, they are in my opinion baseless. So let us go out this remarkable woman and examine the facts.All historians agree that she was the daughter of a noble Aztec family. Upon the death of her father, a chief, her mother remarried and gave birth to a son. Deciding that he rather t han Marina, should rule, she turned her young daughter over to some passing traders and thereafter pro- claimed her dead. Eventually, the girl wound up as a slave of the cazique (the military chief) of Tabasco. By the time Cortes arrived, she had learned the Mayan dialects used in the Yucatan while still understanding Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs and most Non-Mayan Indians."La Malinche" did not choose to hook up with Cortes. She was offered to him as a slave by the Cacique of Tabasco, along with 19 other young women. She had no voice in the matter. Up till thusly, Cortes had relied on a Spanish priest, Jeronimo de Aguilar, as his interpreter. Shipwrecked off Cozumel, Aguilar spoke the Mayan language as well as Spanish. But when the expedition left the Mayan-speaking area, Cortes discovered that he could not communicate with the Indians. That night he was advised that one of the women given to him in Tabasco spoke "Mexican."Doa Marina now enters Mexican histo ry. It was she who served as the interpreter at the first meetings between Cortes and the representatives of Moctezuma. At that time Marina spoke no Spanish. She translated what the Aztecs said into the Mayan dialect understood by de Aguilar and he relayed it to Cortes in Spanish. The process was then reversed, Spanish to Mayan and Mayan to Nahuatl.Bernal Diaz, author of "The Conquest of New Spain" authe... ...e was full of corpses. The dry land and stockades were piled high with the dead. We also found Mexicans lying in their own excrement, too reproduce to move."After the Conquest, Cortes, with a wife in Spain, arranged to have Marina married to a Castilian knight, Don Juan Xamarillo.Soon thereafter she disappeared from history. But she had borne Cortes a son, Don Mahin Cortes. piece of music many other Indian women were impregnated by Spaniards, we have no record of their fate. Hence, if modern-day Mexicans are a blend of Spanish and Indian blood, Doa Marinas son w as the first "Mexican" whose career we can follow. He rose to high government position and was a "Comendador" of the Order of St. Jago. In 1548, accused of conspiring against the Viceroy, he was tortured and executed.In more recent times, the term "Malinchista" has been used by some to describe those who dislike Mexicans. But Doa Marina deserves better. A fearless, hard-core and determined woman, she was a heroine who helped save Mexico from its brutal, blood-thirsty rulers--and in doing so she played a major role in fashioning what is today one of the most fighting(a) societies in all of Latin America.

A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Collaborative Learning and Individ

IntroductionGroup drop dead is a way to organize schoolroom activity where students are given a free radical assignment from the teacher and where the students level of participation depends on how they engage in the group task (Chiriac & Frykedal, 2011). For example, if students work co-oply or collaboratively, then students within the group will have an increased acquisition retention and increased critical thinking (Chiriac & Frykedal, 2011). Bennett and Dunne (1992), and Galton and Williamson explain that cooperative group work occurs when students divide the work load in a group and each individual completes a different part of the assignment. Consequently, cooperative canvassing may result with no interaction mingled with students in the group. On the other hand, collaborative learning occurs when each individual member of a group works on the same task that is presented (as cited in Chiriac & Frykedal, 2011). The evidence on the effectiveness of collaborative group work is convincing, and is shown to positively affect the way students learn (Frey, Fisher, & Allen, 2009). Students using collaborative learning learn to develop social skills and have opportunities to contribute to the group (What are the benefits, n.d.). Students enjoy working together and interaction between students may promote higher critical thinking and an increased learning retention (Chiriac & Frykedal, 2011). I will investigate the talent of using collaborative separate compared to individual work with 6th and 8th grade students at Pine Mountain Middle School. The benchmark that will be used to measure efficiency will be how well the middle school students perform with Solidworks, a 3D engineering program..Statement of the ProblemTeachers debat... ...ement in Sweden. In C. M. Evertson, & C. S. Weinstein (Eds.), Handbook of classroom management Research, practice, and contemporary issues. (pp. 11411160) Mahwah Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher.Individual learn ing. (20, December 2005). Retrieved from http//www.ica-sae.org/trainer/english/p14.htmJohnson, D., Johnson, R. Cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning. Journal of Research and Development in Education, Vol. 12,p.p. 8 15, 1978.Slavin, R. (1995). Research on cooperative learning and achievement What we know, what we need to know. Retrieved from http//www.konferenslund.se/pp/TAPPS_Slavin.pdfSolidworks. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.solidworks.com/What are the benefits of cooperative and collaborative learning?. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/coopcollab/index_sub3.html

A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Collaborative Learning and Individ

IntroductionGroup work is a way to organize classroom exercise where students are given a theme assignment from the teacher and where the students level of participation depends on how they engage in the group task (Chiriac & Frykedal, 2011). For example, if students work hand and glove or collaboratively, then students within the group go out have an increased reading retention and increased critical thinking (Chiriac & Frykedal, 2011). Bennett and Dunne (1992), and Galton and Williamson explain that cooperative group work occurs when students divide the work load in a group and each soulfulness completes a different part of the assignment. Consequently, cooperative learning whitethorn result with no interaction between students in the group. On the other hand, collaborative learning occurs when each individual member of a group full treatment on the same task that is presented (as cited in Chiriac & Frykedal, 2011). The evidence on the effectiveness of collaborative gro up work is convincing, and is shown to positively affect the way students learn (Frey, Fisher, & Allen, 2009). Students exploitation collaborative learning learn to develop social skills and have opportunities to contribute to the group (What are the benefits, n.d.). Students enjoy working together and interaction between students may promote higher critical thinking and an increased learning retention (Chiriac & Frykedal, 2011). I will investigate the efficiency of using collaborative grouping compared to individual work with 6th and 8th grade students at Pine Mountain Middle School. The benchmark that will be used to measure efficiency will be how well the middle school students perform with Solidworks, a 3D engineering program..Statement of the ProblemTeachers debat... ...ement in Sweden. In C. M. Evertson, & C. S. Weinstein (Eds.), Handbook of classroom steering Research, practice, and contemporary issues. (pp. 11411160) Mahwah Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher.Indi vidual learning. (20, December 2005). Retrieved from http//www.ica-sae.org/trainer/english/p14.htmJohnson, D., Johnson, R. Cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning. Journal of Research and Development in Education, Vol. 12,p.p. 8 15, 1978.Slavin, R. (1995). Research on cooperative learning and achievement What we know, what we need to know. Retrieved from http//www.konferenslund.se/pp/TAPPS_Slavin.pdfSolidworks. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.solidworks.com/What are the benefits of cooperative and collaborative learning?. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/coopcollab/index_sub3.html

Jamaica Kincaid’s “Girl” in social context

Jamaica Candids Girl in Social Context Jamaica Candid short story Girl was the first lying work, which she has written. 650 words of prose poem Is a mother checking her young noblewoman how she should be call for and to do everything that Antigen women do. There Is no Introduction, no action, no character description and no composition seen, only two voices, which at the end appears to be the mother and the miss. Antigen, was the place, were Candid grew up during asss and asss.When she escaped from her family, Jamaica changed her name and started to write. The mother in the story seems to have full control of setting her daughter for her teenage years. While, the girl is kind of poor one, because she has to put up with the very intense rules that she gets from her mother. A mother gives commands to her daughter with a firm tone of voice, while daughter interrupts her mother twice to protect herself and to ask the question.Jamaica Candid, utilise only two voices, is able to open the major(ip) Issues felicity, social classes and traditions. In like manner, despite the makeup and high heels, femininity is hard org If to mention cleaning the house and looking remarkable while doing It. In Girl woman seems to be Identified with the looking after the house and Its Inhabitants. It Is not surprising that In order to malignant their luxury and by rights skirt card, girls must obey the motherly advice.In the following quote expressed by the mother of the girl, where she is giving commands for her daughter in order to teach her to be decent lady, femininity is one of the main clauses about the problem if to speak about being successful lady in the family. Wash the white clothes on Monday and put them n the stone heap wash the color clothes on Tuesday and put them on the clothesline to dry (1-2). This is the first commandment of a long list, that girl, in order to be honorable lady, must follow.The commandment begins with the cleaning of clothing and, in particular , this concerns the correct cleaning, to avoid the blending of colors. Commandments like this, always seems hard to accomplish. primarily speaking, Candid represents, that both the mother and the girl ar controlled by the rules of fervently. Additionally, class and social standing have already been lassie back when someone had distinctly more shiny stones than the other. In Girl it was not only just shiny stones, but also girls skin color, her table coating quality and smoothness of her seams.In a colonial Antigen, where British culture is seen as a native, African descent Antigens as Candid and, as I think, also a girl, already are at the top of the hierarchy. In Girl it seems that the dead person can easily lose their social standing, and it is much more difficult to choice it up once you lose it. In the following quote expressed by the mother of the girl, where she is giving commands or her daughter in order to teach her to be decent lady interaction with negligent boys and girls is forbidden, in order to be a respectful lady. You mustnt speak to wharf-rat boys, not even to give just about people are so removed from federation that they are not even treated as people they are rats. Whereas slovenly men and women are even In lower social standing than the black people from Antigen, absolutely no one Is talking with them. As shown above, Candid stated that society Is based on policing behavior. In Girl, there is someone who is always watching. E keep our balance it helps us to know how to narrate the whole world, that it makes government issue a lot of easier, it can, of course, also be oppressive, archaic, and Just stupid.In Girl the mother teaches her daughter traditions for several reasons tradition can help the daughter to become a respected lady, retains lady successful life with no bad luck. In the following quote expressed by the mother of the girl, where she is giving commands for her daughter in order to teach her to be decent lady the daught er is bound to keep up with tradition, in order to live a successful and fulfilling lady life. Soak salt fish overnight before you cook it(7). Salted fish is fish that have been salted and dried to keep it not using the refrigerator.The fish is very salty, so, in order to eat it, lady has to steep it very carefully. In a word, food is the most crucial part of the tradition, as it is associated with femininity lessons, whose have been thought by the mother. The British traditions are as important as the African ones in the Girl. Both are important details of the cultural heritage of the girl. In the final analysis, Jamaica Candid, using only two voices, is able to open he major issues femininity, social classes and traditions.The mother gives commands to her daughter in order to prepare her for the fulfilling and respectful lady life. Although we believe that the girl is helpless at the beginning, because she speaks only twice trying to defend himself, but the motive(prenominal) of Candid gives all the power to the girl. This prose poem is a mother teaching her daughter how she should behave and to do everything that Antigen women do. There is no introduction, no action, no appears to be the mother and the daughter.

Fundamentalist: the Fine Line Between Religion and Cult Essay

In the case of the church building of last mentioned Day Saints, fine lines are drawn in the societal perception of this group of people. Their doctrines and practices make the American public debate whether they are a religion or a fad. The largest factor in the decided public perception lies mainly in their feeling of polygamy. mend the Church of Latter Day Saints denounced the practice in the 1890s, fundamentalist sects formed over the subject continuing to perpetuate the connection between Mormonism and polygamy.This fundamentalist practice, along with a few doctrines, continues to keep the Mormon faith as an outside religion in the eyes of the general American public. The practice of polygamy is substitution to the tenants of Mormon faith, extending back to the founder, Joseph metalworker. Smith was not the first apparitional leader to support multiple wives. The Oneida perfectionist supported the practice of polygamy in backlash against the changing family norms payable to industrialization (White). Families no longer needed to be large in size to help in a rural farm localizeting.Smith, being of a displaced farm family, soon craved a change in family life. According to White, Jr. , Smiths personal experience of economic insecurity, death of siblings, and breakable community of interests structure as well as reinforced his quest for renewing the kinship and community bonds (White). In some sort of subconscious need for a hotshot of community stemming from childhood experiences, Smith begins the practice of taking multiple wives. His agents, according to the faith, are sound. His primary argument is that it was revealed to him by God.The belief in revelations is highly well-thought-of by Mormons and is one of the more or less distinguishing traits of the faith (Perry). It will be discussed in further detail later. Smith also called charge to multiple Old testament passages that promote polygamy. Yet, his final argument is what upholds this practice today, genteelness. Smith argued that, worldly concerns righteousness is measured by the size of his family (Anderson). A proper Mormon man was expected to extensively multiple his family in order to provide more individuals to spread the faith.After social disagreements in several states, many members of the Church of Latter Day Saints fled to western territories hoping to find geographical, social, and cultural isolation required to implement their radical social agenda (White). However, as the nation grew smaller and assimilation to the mainstream husbandry became desirable, in addition to persecution by the Federal Government, the Church of Latter Day Saints changed one of their founding principles. Essentially, in the fight for doh territory statehood, the Mormon Church traded their practice of polygamy.This trade caused dissention among the ranks and multiple fundamentalist sects formed, continuing their practices in even more isolated communities. Joseph Musser, a prophet of the faith, established a fundamentalist community at Short Creek, Utah, that still exists today. There, families persist in multi-wife homes where the domestic work is divided between eight or nine women, sometimes many more. The heteroicous relationships are consensual and most women have little complaints about their situations. There are many reasons why the women choose to persist.Mainly, they dont know anything else (Anderson). The religious beliefs they were raised with have been preparing them to be a plural wife. Rowenna Erikson, a plural wife who was excommunicated after speaking out against the treatment of women, says that growing up she comprehend that she was supposed to be a plural wife mostly because her mother guided her in that direction. She didnt really want to marry this way of life plainly she felt pressured and thought that this is what she had to do (443). However, unlike Erikson, there are many women who enjoy their polygamous contract.To th em, there is a sorority sense of community, their children are always cared for. During his stay at Short Creek, National Geographic journalist Scott Anderson also noticed a strange power that came with being a woman in the Mormon faith. Women are sought after in the community due to the need for reproduction creating a larger need for men to prove themselves as unimpeachable business officeners (Anderson). Brigham unripened, another fundamentalist sect leader, also argued that polygamy allows all women the equal opportunity for marriage and, eliminates prostitution, economic exploitation and abandoned children (White).Fundamentalist still argue procreation as a necessary reason for polygamy in the community. However, the main reasons fundamentalist broke off from the Church of Latter Day Saints were the revelations of new prophets. Both Brigham Young and Joseph Musser had revelations from God ordering them to take multiple wives and reproduce, and they werent the only ones. Fund amentalists refused to give into the assimilation of their religion. It is these radical, fundamental sects of the Church of Latter Day Saints, like Colorado City, Utah (formerly the Short Creek Community) that continue to tie the Mormon faith to the practice of polygamy.In doing so, along with ample aid from the American media, Mormonism is still considered by the mainstream to be lumped into a category of the religious outsiders (Perry). Yet, it is not only the practice of polygamy in these sects that support societies view. Several other practices continue to perpetuate their perception as part of the odd some keep Mormons in isolated communities, some condone madness, and others speak out against the American government. Firstly, the practice of polygamy not only ostracized fundamentalist from the united States Government and mainstream, but also from the central Church of Latter Day Saints.Fundamentalist were heavily persecuted by elders of the church in the 1940s and 1950s c ulminating in the Short Creek Raid of 1953. American media broadcast children being ripped from mothers hands right into mainstream Americas living rooms. Decades of persecution and media misrepresentation only supported Mormon practices that led to communal isolation. One of these is the idea of The Gathering. Mormons cerebrate that second coming of Christ is constantly near and that it is their duty to be ready no amour when it happens.Therefore, they live in tight knit communities that seek to prove their righteous existence to Christ. Secondly, their community is slightly communistic. There is the Law of Consecration that allows all property to be held in common and distributed (LeBaron). Additionally, United Order is the Mormon economic system of self-sufficiency (LeBaron). Both of these beliefs keep member separate from the mainstream and make it difficult to take leave since they dont have the rights to their own property. Additionally, many Fundamentalist believe in Blood conciliation established by Joseph Smith and Oaths of Vengeance.Blood Atonement is the basic belief of an eye for an eye. Smith preached that those who commit acts against Mormon should be punished with bloodshed for their sins. The Oath of Vengeance developed after the assassination of Smith stating that all Mormons are to pray for the sins committed against the prophet and should taught through lineages (LeBaron). Both of these practices have been used for justification for murder between sects. Murder justification has also come from the practices of personal revelation and heavenly visitations.As mentioned before, revelation is extremely important to the Mormon faith due to that fact that it is what the Church was founded on and from where most doctrines are derived. Personal revelations are the wishes of God and should be acted upon by faithful practitioners, yet, they give the prophet the okay from God to do whatever they want, even pop out if needed (LeBaron). Obviously, m urder is illegal in the United States, so how were the Mormons able, beyond personal revelation, to justify to their behavior in the court system? Fundamentalist practices believe in the triumph of Gods Law over Mans Law.Due to their beliefs that they are forming a community for the return of Christ, Mormons believe they live in a theocratic society separate from Federal Government rule. Therefore, the rules set in place by God reign higher than those set in place by the state. Mormon belief justifies most actions, even murder, by claiming it as a personal revelation and an act of Gods will. Finally, in a religion where the members ultimate goal is to prepare for the end, Fundamentalist in the Church of Latter Day Saints awaits the fall of the United States Government.This belief, fueled by bitterness from lack of Federal aid in the 1820s, only reinforces the view that there is superior judgment than the United States Court system. While separation of church and state exists in the United States, Mormon religious beliefs, to a certain extent, defy that right claiming religious rule over states. There were several acts of force-out that took place over the last forty years, all justified by different Mormon doctrines. Ervil LeBaron, a Fundamentalist prophet, used personal revelation for the reason he killed his brother in 1972.He then proceeded, with the same justification to kill dozens of others. LeBaron wasnt finished when he was finally sent to jail. While in Utah State Penitentiary, LeBaron wrote the The Book of New Covenants ordering the deaths of members on Gods Will (LeBaron). His children then proceeded to follow his will working their way down his list. Ervil wasnt the only one searching for power over the sects the Lafferty brothers had similar problems in the 1980s. These events perpetuate public stereo types of the Mormon religion and polygamy.A survey I conducted of 25 people showed 100% of them still believe the Mormon Church officially sanction s polygamy and a cult like lifestyle (Venzen). It is these acts of madness based on Gods will that raise mainstream Americas eyebrows at the true classification of this faith. The violence stemming from radical sects also calls attention to Mormonism as an other in society and religious beliefs and raises questions to the credibility of the religion. Fundamentalist dont only tie the Church of Latter Day Saints with polygamy.Acts of violence based on the will of a high power is often associated with cults as, murder and suicide have been inseparable on other cult occasions (Lamberg 2). Additionally, Rowenna Erickson considered her facts of life as a plural wife to be brainwashing, another cult practice, and even outwardly claims Mormonism as a polygamist cult. According to cult studies, the sought out isolation of the Fundamentalist communities only reflects that the, cult seeks to control disciples entire environment, not only externally but also reaching internally, as if reality were the groups exclusive possession (Lamberg 1).The question then remains. Is the practice of Mormonism, the Church of Latter Day Saints, an organized religion or a cult? The practice of polygamy leads the public to view the Church and its Fundamentalist counterparts as one. Therefore, can the debate of organized religion versus cult be separated by the central Church of Latter Day Saints and the Fundamentalist Church of Latter Day Saints?

Business Management Motivation

Motivation is the willingness to exert high levels of exploit toward organizational goals, erudite by the efforts ability to satisfy some individual needs (Robbins, 168). For some business analysts, employee motivation is a good way to increase productivity in an organization. When people get motivated, they will have a reason to put more efforts on what they argon doing. Motivation is a crucial management beak in lifting the organizations sprain forces ability.There are galore(postnominal) different ways to motivate employees. Employers can motivate their fetchers as individuals, groups, teams, or the organization as a whole. Motivation takes forms like offering rewards, improving loping conditions, or employee recognition. However, which approach should employers try?Team-based reward governances have been raised as an issue in dress management areas. Many people prefer team-based reward systems to an individual approach. San Diego Business Journal, issued on Oct. 6, 1997 , published an article titled Team-Based Productivity Incentive System. This article summarized the ideas that back up the team-based approach. The author, Bob Harrington, opposed the individual reward system. As he stated, individual reward systems create unnecessary competition and reduce cooperation between employees. It also reduces creative thinking because employees will only do what is necessary to get rewarded.Moreover, Harrington said team-based bonuss influence individuals to work well together and cooperate with one another. No longer are employees and management measured purely against financial information. Instead, push throughstanding performance is based on a combination of items that measure the strategic objectives of the corporation. This paper will check out if the team-based incentive systems are the best approach for business environments as Harrington discussed.Medical insurance and educational opportunities, among others are all common benefits in compensa tion programs for many manufacturers. Many people argued that these benefits attract and retain employees, but have little to do with work performance. Some also believe that if these benefits are spread out among workers in general, these kinds of work incentives will not guarantee good performance. Well Pay vs. Sick Pay is an example of how an incentive program reinforces wrong air and reduces productivity. Manufacturers with incentive systems that reward employees for achievements and growth can increase their competitiveness and profitability in todays global market.Yes, it is true that organizations need to have incentive systems to satisfy their work force. Team-based incentive systems such as gain sharing, profit sharing, etc., become increasingly popular in work environments. People now are required to work as a team, and altogether help each other to achieve an objective. Your work is my work, and your responsibility is mine. People will become more cohesive as working in a group or a team. Team-based incentives offer several advantages. However, I do not totally agree with Harrington that individual incentive systems do not have any good influence over workers performance.Some people are extremely successful when they work on their own. People, who are raised in an individualistic culture, might not benefit from working in a group. So, individual incentive systems do play an important eccentric in increasing a work forces productivity as long as the employers know how to use this reinforcement system properly. If organizations set a ideal to measure individual achievement and reward that individual on what he (she) perform, then, the individual incentive system might work as well as the team-based one. Moreover, managers need to realize that team-based incentive systems might cause Social Loafing effect in the work force the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually (Robbins, 260).Moti vations are necessary in a working environment to increase the productivity of the work force. Reward systems essential create a win-win situation for employees and employers. Team-based incentive systems might work very well and are a preferred process for many organizations in todays work market however, managers should adopt individual incentive systems in many cases, when employees are more skillful, efficient, and effective as working individually. The major purpose of the incentive system is to motivate and organize employees.

Effectiveness Of Anti-Smoking Advertisement Essay

Out of the total business of Tobacco in the world (i.e. $ 27 billion a year), 50% amount of the total turnover is being spent on marketing of the products (U.S. FTC _Cig artte Report_ 2007). The total deaths due to take in were 100 million in the twentieth Century. If precautions are not taken, it whitethorn go up-to one billion in the 21st Century against the present count of 5.4 million deaths as per WHO report, Feb.8 (Xinhua). The WHO report besides says that governments earn as revenue more than 500 times than what these spend on non- pot campaigns.The turnover points of the tobacco industry excessively c solelys for anti sess appealing organizations to prevent smoking for the freshers and take into confidence the regular smokers to dispense with. Different Mess shape ups should be apply to impress people and these should be very much effective by a research. All these messages should r to each one the people through with(predicate) an outdoor campaigning or through r adio, television or distribution of printed pamphlets. Public Relation sh either also help you to contact the affected persons. Besides these, Internet contacts and meetings on the public places sh each(prenominal) also help you to achieve the targets.1. BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM DEFINITIONSmoking is highly detrimental to health. Regular smoking elicit lead to serious diseases like lung cancer and chronic heart diseases. It reduces productivity of smokers and hence of organizations in which they are operative which in turn hampers the economic growth of the country. The same effects are applicable on second-hand or nonoperational smoker also. A lot of resources of whatsoever economy are diverted curing several(predicate) diseases of active and passive smokers. Such resources could attain been diverted towards some former(a) productive activities. The possible ways of bring down smoking and hence reducing its negative impact may be (a) increasing the prices of cigarettes substan tially by imposing huge taxes on cigarettes (b) banning cigarettesin public places. However, cigarette smoking is an addiction and its demand is relatively price inelastic and thus option (a) has limited scope to reduce smoking.Banning smoking in public places has also limited scope because individuals have the liberty to smoke in private without any major decrease in smoking. To make individuals to reduce or quit smoking, an effective show up is through advertizing campaigns highlighting the ill-effects of smoking. However, ad campaigns provide be successful in their preys only when they are effectively designed and communicated. Since advertisement campaigns involve huge expenditure, it should give the maximum benefit in terms of large reduction in number of smokers. That is, advertisement campaigns should be cost-effective. Thus, designing an effective advertisement campaign is of prime importance for the benefit of any society or economy. This draw is an strain in this di rection. This project aims to suggest what a successful anti-smoking advertisement campaign should contain?When the smoking statistics is analyzed for UK, it is observed that it is the highest amongst the persons who aged 20-34 years. Around 35% of persons (both men and women) in the age multitude of 20-34 years smoke. The lowest smoking rate is amongst the persons who aged 60 and above. Around 16% of the persons in the age multitude of 60 and above smoke. When the smoking rate amongst the adults is analyzed, it is found out that 29% of men and 25% of women amongst adults smoke. The figure does not look to an alarming when we compare the same with 1974 figures when 51% of men and 41% of women (that is nearly 50% of the adult population in UK) smoked cigarettes (UK SMOKING STATISTICS, www.nonsmokingday.org.uk). Thus, in the recent years the decline in smoking has been mostly arduous amongst older population. More matured smokers are quitting smoking where as many youths are joinin g the smoking pigeonholing.Smoking statistics further show that lower socio-economic mathematical group people smoke more than the people in the professional group. 39% of men and 34% of women in lower socio-economic group smoke as compared with 15% of men and 13% of women in professional group (UK SMOKING STATISTICS, www.nonsmokingday.org.uk).The smoking statistics in the age group of 11-15 years show that 6% of UK population in this age group smokes regularly in 2007. However, the regular smoking rate was 16% in 1977 in the age group of 11-15 year. Amongst the 15-year-old population, the smoking rate declined from 25% in 1982 to 20% in 2006 and further to 15% in 2007 (www.ash.org.uk).Thus to persuade the individuals further to quit smoking to increase their productivity and to apprise them active evil effects of smoking, an effective advertisement campaign should be designed. Different advertisement campaigns should be designed to target different section of society. The segme ntation should be done on the basis of age, sex and socio-economic status.Since in UK the maximum smoking rate is amongst the youth and lower socio-economic group, the maximum amount of UK anti-smoking advertisement budget should be kept for these two groups. Since the maximum smoking rate in UK is amongst the persons who aged 16 to 50 years, this project aims at describing the process for designing the effective anti smoking advertisement campaigns for the smokers who are in this age group.The variables which are very important for any advertisement campaign are (a) content (b) consistency (c) pellucidity and (d) reach (Sissors JT, Bumba L. _Advertising Media Planning_, 1989). Primarily the advertisement campaign should contain the harmful effects of smoking which should be targeted at different sections of the society in terms of their demographic profile.The content regarding highlighting negative impacts of smoking can be signifierified as belowThe advertisements that highligh t the adverse long-term effects of smoking in the health of smokers such as smoking causing diseases like lung cancer and other chronic heart problems.Advertisements that discuss the adverse effects in the short-run such as foulbreath and rejection while the smoker is involved in the romance.Advertisements that advert the false tactics employed by the cigarette companies to move cigarettes which is a destructive and addictive product. The advertisement should emphasize that cigarette companies are illegally targeting minors and making false claims that cigarettes are non-addictive.Advertisements that involve role models who describe ill-effects of smoking.Advertisements that highlight the adverse effects of second hand smoke or passive smoking on children, friends and other family members.Advertisements that show smokers as the persons who have preferent unattractive and unhealthy life style.Advertisements that involve celebrities and showing that these celebrities are refusing to smoke.This project describes the approach that should be adopted while designing effective concepts of advertising to quit smoking. The approach is designed to help organizations which are involved in choosing the concepts of advertising for a campaign, the main objective of which is to motivate smokers to quit or to make an endeavor to quit smoking. The approach is very beguile for market research.The main objective of the approach is to conduct the market test for finding out the most appropriate advertisement for a particular market or target group. This may be achieved by analyzing the different advertisements which have already been weakened in the past.The approach is based on the assumption that the persons who are watching these advertisements could be youth or adults, men or women, smokers or non-smokers.Different advertising campaigns should be designed for targeting differentsections of the society. The campaign which may be effective for adults, the same campaign m ay not be effective for youths.The project is further divided into quaternion sections. Section 2 discusses the research objectives of the study. Section 3 explains the research methodology of the study. Section 4 provides the data abridgment and empirical results while section 5 gives the recommendations2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe main objective of this research is to assess different advertisement in terms of their ability to fulfill certain objectives of advertisement campaign. This objective can be achieved only if the research analyses reactions to different advertisements. The reactions to each of the advertisements can be analyzed on the following(a) parametersWhether the advertisement pull up stakes be noticed by the smokers (Attention)Whether the smokers will find the advertisement as relevant to them (Identification)The kind of message that will be conveyed to smokers through the advertisement (Communication)The impact that the advertisement will have on smoking (Effect) .The objectives of the advertisement will determine the objectives of research on colloquy and effect parameters. That is,If the main objective of the campaign is to provide awareness near the harmful effects of smoking the objective is to find the advertisements which have the maximum potential to provide awareness about the effects of smoking on health.If the objective of the campaign is to encourage smokers to stop smoking the objective is to find the advertisements which have the maximum potential to encourage smokers towards quitting of cigarettes.If the objective of the campaign is to enhance awareness of harmful effects of passive smoking the objective is to determine the advertisements which have the maximum potential to increase awareness of the ill-effects of second hand smoke.If the objective of the campaign is to develop or support smoke-free policies the objective is to find out which advertisements have the maximum capacity to enhance support these smoke-free pol icies.The unplanned effects of advertisements amongst smokers and persons alfresco the target audience group should also be identified by the research.3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGYA focus group discussion approach has been employ to conduct the research. In focus group discussion method, there is an involvement of several groups of persons from the target audience. Groups are segmented in terms of their demographic profiles. Persons of the group are encouraged to fruitfully discuss different possible advertisements. Experiences, attitudes and opinions are discussed in the focus groups. Various views are exchanged and explored during the discussion. The main advantage of the context of the group is the ability of group dynamics to bring new ideas and to encourage the debate on the issue.To successfully address the research objectives, minimum four group discussions should be conducted. The complexities involved in the target audience of campaign and the segmentation of the participants determine the number of groups that should be involved while conducting the research._SEGMENTATION_The first t get hold of in designing the research is to determine the target audience.This is followed by finding out the most suitable approach that will be used to segment the target audience into different groups. The segmentation is done on the basis of demographic profile such as age and sex.The following segmentation may be used if the objective of the campaign is to motivate smokers who aged 16 to 50 years to quit smoking.To design the research project and the inclusion of the participants in different groups, the following procedure should be adoptedDifferent groups should include only smokers (that is those who smoke at least five cigarettes in a day). Occasional smokers should not be included.Only those smokers should be included who are thinking to quit smoking in the next one year or some other time in the future. Smokers who are resistant to change should not be included. Only those smokers who represent suitable socio-demographic profiles should be included to reflect the smoking population. That is, all smokers should be from lower socio-economic group if the target group represents lower socio-economic status.People who are involved in promotion of healthy programmes, market research or having employment in cigarette companies should not be included.To design the project and the inclusion of participants, in addition to the above, some excess criteria are also worthy considering. Consideration of these additional criteria will depend upon the characteristics of the smoker population, objectives of communication of the advertisements and the specific campaigns aims. These additional criteria might contain the followingsWhether the conduct of the research should be in different locations, such as rural or urban or semi-urban.Whether the parents who are smokers should be included.Whether non-smokers and ex-smokers should be included in the research. In each focus group discussion, normally there is a recruitment of eight toten smokers. Many times it is better to recruit ten persons as all the people who are recruited will not attend at the given time and one should expect that seven or eight persons will attend. The positive discussion on the issues and fruitful interaction may be held with this number._GROUP DISCUSSION APPROACH_A room or a hall should be used for conducting group discussion. The group discussion needs to be arranged in a TV room where participants can see TV each other and the faculty. The discussions should be recorded for further review and analysis if this is not possible proper notes should be drawn after each group. The research assistant shall fill-up a form after completion of each group which will contain the group number, advertisement name and member. Participants shall introduce themselves to each other and further story shall be given by the in charge of the group.The participants shall be distri buted a set of forms for each Ad and final page after military rating of all the advertisements. Each member shall view each of the advertisements and rate the same to have an individual decision without any pressure of the group. This shall result in healthier discussions in the group for exploration in detail.The tape of the advertisement for all the ads shall be run twice and stopped and the participants make ratings thereafter. Thereafter, the in charge of the group shall ask all the participants to complete the final page of rating and collect the same.The fiat of displaying the ads should be charged to overcome the similarly of preferential order in which these are present.It is necessary for the organizer to record the different number and name of the ad on the top before handing over. Afterwards, he will keep the ads in the order these are shown for each group. The ads should bear a short title in the requisite space before handing over the forms.Conversation between the pa rticipants and the moderator shall be held through open discussions where participants shall have freedom to speak openly. Participants may face different questions from the moderator. Research Assistant shall keep record notes of the discussions and observations, which shall based on attention, identification and communication of the smokers and lastly the effect of the ad or the smokers.The Research staff should take notes, include quotations from participants and make concluding observations from the groups as per the themes give belowWhether the advertisement will be noticed by the smokers.Whether the smokers will find the advertisement as relevant to them.What kinds of messages will be conveyed to the smokers.Whether there will be effect of the advertisement on smoking.Whether there will be any unintended consequences of the advertisement.4. DATA NALYSIS AND EMPIRICAL RESULTS_RATING SHEETS_After the completion of all the groups, all the rating sheets should be collated and the analysis of results should begin. The percentage of persons who rightly identify the nitty-gritty message of the advertisement in either of the first two questions should also be calculated for each advertisement. weighing should also be made for the percentage of persons who made definitely incorrect interpretation of the core message. This will provide the numerical scores for the themes of communication and unintended consequences. The scorer should decide in advance what is the core message of each advertisement and what will be taken as a correct core message to determine how to score responses of the people.The percentage of personswho agree or disagree with each advertisement should be computed for each advertisement. A summary of the preferences of the people should be made by comparing these percentages for each advertisement. The percentage of persons who declared each advertisement as the most effective to quit or making an attempt to quit smoking should be computed on t he final advertisement rating page. The same kind of rigorous analysis can be conducted by figuring the percentage of each demographic group in terms of males and females, adults and youths etc._GROUP DISCUSSION_ After the completion of all the groups, the note taking form prepared by the Research Staff should be collated. The core themes and research objectives should be taken into account while analyzing results for each advertisement. The results should be analyzed in terms of the following parametersAttentionRelevanceMessageEffectUnintended consequencesIt should be ensured that from each group, all the issues and opinions have been taken into consideration. This can be achieved by taking additional notes (if required) after listening or watching the recordings of each group. One should consider only the opinions which are the most common. It is very important to judge whether an advertisement will be effective or not if only a mall number of participants express their opinions. It should be ensured by the researcher that all ranges of responses have been taken into account and not just the responses that confirm alreadyestablished findings and conclusions. When advertisements are compared and preferences are considered, it should be taken into account that the most liked advertisement of the group may not necessarily the best advertisement or anti smoking campaign. The advertisement should be effective and not necessarily liked by the participants. The advertisement which achieves the most objectives of the campaign is considered as the best advertisement. For this, advertisement needs to be noticed, to be relevant, to be able communicate the desired message and to enliven smokers to quit smoking._COMBINED RESEARCH INFORMATION_To select the advertisement, which is most likely to fulfill the campaign objectives, the results obtained from the rating sheets and the discussion analysis should be combined and compared. The analysis of rating sheets will tell a bout comparison of the different advertisements on different important dimensions. The analysis of focus group discussion will explain about these differences.5. RECOMMENDATIONSWhile designing the effective advertisement campaign, one should take into account the target group for which the advertisement campaign has been designed. The campaign which is more effective for adults, may not necessarily effective for youths. While designing the advertisement campaign for youths, it should contain the following message themes romantic rejection, smokers as negative role models, ill-effect of passive smoking, celebrities refusing to smoke, involvement of role models describing the ill-effects of smoking.When targeting adults, the Emotional Consequences campaign will be more effective as it will make them think about the impact of their smoking on children, friends and other family members. In last, it is recommended that one should conduct the effects of advertisement campaign on outcome. Thus, pre and post test of any advertisement campaign should be conducted.REFERENCESTeenage Smoking attitudes in 1996. Office for National Statistics, 1997Goddard, E. General Household Survey 2006 Smoking and boozing among adults 2006. Office for National Statistics, 2008.Drug use, smoking and drinking among young people in England in 2007. The Information Centre for Health and Social Care, 2007 View reportBewley B.R, Day I, Ide L. Smoking by children in expectant Britain. MRC Social Science Research Council, 1972.Dobbs J, Marsh A. Smoking among secondary schoolchildren. HMSO, 1982.Hamilton JL. The demand for cigarettes advertising, thehealth scare, and the cigarette advertising ban. _Review of Economics and Statistics_ 197454401-11.Lewit EM, Coate D, Grossman M. The effects of government regulation on teenage smoking. _Journal of Law and Economics_ 198124545-69.Schneider L, Klein B, Murphy KM. Governmental regulation of cigarette health information. _Journal of Law and Economics_ 198124575-611.Schuster CP, Powell CP. Comparison of cigarette and alcohol advertising controversies. _Journal of Advertising_ 1987 1626-33.Warner KE. 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