Representation: How Have the Youth of Today Been Portrayed in Documentaries Essay

The youth of today are viewed as being an uncontrollable generation; events such as the London Riots have created a shift of perspective of youths in the United Kingdom. This uncontrollable generation is depicted through social issues such as binge drinking, drugs, smoking; as well as violence and unemployment. Most of the representations in the media today are exaggerated to an extent for entertainment purposes; such as documentaries, news and reality television shows. I will be looking into documentaries to view how the youth of today are being portrayed whether it is positive or negative and if it conforms to cultural stereotypes of society. The image of teenagers has changed over the many years with Stanley Cohen’s Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of Mods and Rocker (1972); has led the innovative discussion on the constantly growing image of the teenager. He used moral panics to describe the emergence of individuals or groups to become defined ‘as a threat to societal values and interests’ [1]. His book has been evolutionary to the perspective of teenagers and his inspection of youth gangs; most notably the ‘Mods and Rockers’. This links to the London riots of 2011 that had shook the nation, the tension between gangs and the police grew resulting into chaos. Such a social issue is viewed as a taboo of the current era and the media took a pivotal role to generate facts and spread anxiety and fear; thus creating a Moral Panic in the UK. The first documentary that I will be analysing is Channel 4’s documentary ‘Educating Essex’. The Passmores School in Harlow, Essex, is a successful school in a challenging area. The documentary exposes what life is really like for today’s students and teachers. The school had been rigged with 65 fixed cameras – from the corridors to the canteen, and from the head teacher’s office to the detention hall – to reveal every detail of daily life. The first programme of the series joins the deputy head at Passmores School in Essex and sees how he deals with emotional teenagers. The depiction of teenagers in this documentary varies and the audience views a lot of head on confrontation between students and teachers. The young adults in this documentary are all shown to be underachievers who hassle teachers, and cause problems within the classroom. The portrayal of teenagers in the series is progressively negative, due to their constant confrontations with teachers and their actions in lesson. The dress code of the adolescence in this documentary is disordered. This is shown to the public to allow viewing what teenagers look like at school and the deteriorating education system. The documentary also displays the binary oppositions between the student and teacher, and soon it becomes the centre of attention of the documentary. Channel 4’s documentary making is heavily edited (also mediated) and shows only the points of commotion throughout the day at the secondary school. The target audience is identified through the documentaries use of colloquial language. The target audience is teenagers and young adults/ parent with the ages ranging from 14- 24 years. Most will watch as to identify with the students, but some may watch for information. The media plays a key role in the representation of teenagers as well as influencing their young minds. In the research paper: The Influence of Media Violence on Youth; ‘violent television and films, video games, and music reveal unequivocal evidence that media violence increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behaviour in both immediate and long-term contexts’[2]. The research paper goes on to describe how reality television, gaming and music are leaders in the influence of youngsters minds. In Dr Kate Orton-Johnsons talk on Youth Culture, Media and Society she describes how ‘Mass media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion about youth culture and the various forms of social practices that young people engage in’ [3]. Albert Bandura’s: Bobo-Doll Experiment highlighted the role of social imitation of aggression. Thus, the more you are exposed to violence the more you are prone to repeat the same acts that you as the individual have witnessed [4]. The second documentary I will be analysing is Ross Kemp on Gangs: Liverpool where he visits Liverpool to investigate the infamous postcode L11 gangs. The murder of an 11-year-old boy in a Liverpool suburb alerted the country to the city’s escalating gang culture. Rhys Jones was an innocent bystander caught in the crossfire of gang war. Ross Kemp goes in search of the youth gangs said to be causing mayhem on Liverpool’s streets and asks whether this area is becoming a reputation of a hub of gun and gang crime. Ross Kemps documentary style is investigative and it involves one of ‘the six types of modes of documentary’ [5] that Bill Nicholas identified. This documentary in particular involves the participatory mode of documentation in which the film maker is directly involved with the subject, while all events are recorded. The youngsters in this documentary are portrayed as being violent, ignorant and unemployed. This conforms to the cultural stereotypes of the ‘teenager’. The guardian newspaper wrote an article on the cultural stereotypes that young adults face and tries to show the two ends of the spectrum. The article allows youngsters to have an input to the stereotypes that they face and express their view on the issue at hand. ‘It doesn’t matter how you look, speak or dress, the only criterion required is whether you’re a young person’ [6]. The newspaper highlights a binary opposition between youths and adults. Ross Kemps approach to the youngsters in this documentary appears to be welcoming. As he interviews them he climaxes the fact that young men from deprived, and that neglected areas are failed by the state and thus, these youngsters resort to violence, drugs and overall suffer from unemployment as a consequence. These young adults are not only failed by the state but also on behalf of the education system and their parent. This documentary is revealed to be somewhat sympathetic towards the youth of today reiterating the fact that youngsters are victims of the adult world.

Lan-Based Computerized Office Equipment Borrowing System Essay

INTRODUCTION: Now a day, local area networking particularly computer jobs makes differences which are essential in our daily lives. Computer helps such an online marketing, online gaming as well as online reporting news updates to be specific. Local area networking also helps to do things in a short period of time. In fact computer change the lifetime state of the people in partnership himself and make it more essentials. LAN makes the industry more productivity in a way that some of the most companies used this to communicate more easier in terms of trading. As a result trading of products and equipments organized well and manageable. In reality, local area networking (LAN) is now part of our culture and industry, from the simple social works now enhanced and develops. One of that is Lan-Based Computerized Office Equipment Borrowing System which is used by the universities and also some big companies. In a ways that from the papers used to borrow, it becomes computerized to be more organized in borrowing equipments/items. A computerized borrowing system will even eliminated the rate of factual errors which are typically present in using manual process. It is helps to minimize the time consumption of gathering and borrowing equipments/items unlike on manual scheme. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Today we are living of the modern world, In fact technologies more enhanced, as the result it is now used in different kind of job, business, companies and big universities. In term of education, Lan-Based Computerize Office Equipment Borrowing System helps in transmission and borrowing data online to avoid some difficult circumstances and loss of that data and items not just in that mean but also to minimized the time consumption in gathering and borrowing equipments. In terms of business, Online Borrowing is also helps to minimized some factual errors which is typically found in manual transmission and borrowing of items and equipments. You can now also borrow books and some informative items used by the students online, with the help of Local Area Networking (LAN), the borrower will present his/her identification online with the help of LAN we can avoid the loss of items and data. We also we minimized the time consumption of borrowing and transferring item and equipments. Generally, Lan-Based Computerized Office Equipment Borrowing System helps in our lifetime it changes the lifetime of the people and makes it more essentials. Education, Big companies and universities are some of project beneficiaries. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORKS: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS: The following illustrations explain the existing system and how does the proposed system will improve the borrowing system in St. Catherine Institute of technology. Existing System: Figure no. 1 Manual Scheme of Student Examination Proposed System: Figure no. 2 Proposed System LAN – Based Student Examination System STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: 1. What is LAN – Based Computerized Office Equipment Borrowing System? 2. How the students rate the manual office equipment borrowing system? 3.1.1. Fair 3.1.2. Good 3.1.3. Satisfactory 3. What are the features of the LAN – Based Computerized Office Equipment Borrowing System? 4.1.4. Faster processing of borrowing request 4.1.5. More accurate borrowing schedule 4.1.6. Provides records of borrowing transactions 4.1.7. Establishes the formal approach of borrowing 4. Do you think it will be faster to trace delinquent borrower? * No   * Yes 5. Do you think it will be efficient and effective to both students and teachers to have this kind of program? 6. (LAN-BASED COMPUTERIZED OFFICE EQUIPMENT BORROWING SYSTEM) * No * Yes SCOPE AND LIMITATION: LAN – Based Computerized Office Equipment Borrowing System for SCIT covers only features the true identification of the students who have borrowed the equipment/item. This also covers the content of the items to be barrowed showed online. These systems help us to minimize the time consumption in terms of borrowing equipments. In assurance the people who`s responsible on borrowing data and equipment should only be used their true identification to avoid some difficulties and problem regarding equipment/item borrowing. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This study benefits the STUDENTS, the INSTRUCTORS, the SCHOOL, the RESEARCHES and the FUTURE RESEARCHES. Students * This kind of program will very helpful to students because borrowing and returning equipments/items from office will be more easier, and because it is now computerized, students will not be confused on where or who to borrow. The student’s benefit it in terms of it minimized the time consumed on borrowing equipment. Instructors * The system gives the instructors assurance form the borrower because it’s all recorded form the program itself. Less time and avoid lost of the equipments/items borrowed. School * This study can promote the school by having an accessible and hassle-free computerized office equipment borrowing system. It can lead people, particularly students to enroll in this school. It also helps lessen the expenses because there will be no need of a lot of papers and record and personnel to manually identify all who’s borrow the equipment. Future Researchers * This study will also benefit the future researcher, because by this study, they can visualize and do a great research in the future. It can be a guide to their future study. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Related Foreign Literature According to Robson (2001), usability is the key requirement for users, says Elisabeth Robson, Product manager for Online Library Center. The catalogue has become a way to pull together disparate resources, including commercial resources and web links. Management system also allows circulation, including check and in check libraries to purchase materials and track where they are. According to Chad (2009), consulting is at a major point in the wider information economy within which library system from part of a larger whole. He was writing in briefing paper about the study in library management system. This study examines the system used in higher education libraries across the UK and came up with some significant observation and recommendations. It noted that the LMS market in UK higher education is already and that four main vendors ( EXLibris , Innovative , SirsiDynix and Talis ) have almost 90 percent of the market. This market maturity means, according to the authors, that the benefits to libraries of changing LMS provider are limited. Library users expect to find the everything together says Stephen Abram, vice president for innovation at SirsiDynix, the leading provider of software solutions and associated service for libraries. According to her traditionally, the library management system or integrated library system (ILS) was responsible for running libraries efficiently and effectively. Over last few years the role of the ILS has been expanding from meeting the library need to delivering user experience. Local Literature According to Eden (2011), views that most libraries are forced to work with few staff because of having a more improved and modernized system for their library. According also to the study the library administration need to emphasize to their staff that the organization has vested interest in providing them with the tools and training they need to assist the organization in new information market place. These maybe include search engines, circulation system and the online access catalog. According to Lopez (2002), University of the Philippines Mindanao when UP in Mindanao accepted its first batch of student in 1996, the Main Library collection was integrated with the core collection with the core collection of the School Management ( SOM ) Library at the Stanfilco Bldg., Ladislawa Avenue , Buhangin, Davao City. The Filipiniana and General References were housed together with the Collage of Art and Sciences (CAS) collection room 2 of the Philippine Coconut Authority. In the second sem ester AY 1996 – 1997, the CAS Library moved to its main campus in Bago Oshiro. Upon recognition of UP in Mindanao by Board of Regents (BOR) as constituent unit (CU) of the UP system, the cast split into two namely: Collage of Humanities and Social. Sciences (CHSS) and the Collage of Mathematic. (CSM). The Main Library transferred to newly renovate building were in the main collection was set-up besides the books of the CHSS and the CSM. In July 2002, the library established the Library Educational Media Information Technology Office (LEMITO). The LEMITO handles the audio visual services, internet and the connectivity of the library. It currently holds the office at the Elias B. Lopez Hall Dormitory. Later, the main library collection which grew from 100 titles to 6,191 volumes at the end of May 2004, and was transferred to the Administration Bldg today, the Main Library occupies the former UP in Mindanao Cultural Center (UPMCC) building. Related Studies The study of Charuasia (2010) connotes the term library with use of automatic Data processing machines to perform routine library activities. It implies a high degree of Mechanization of various routine and repetitive tasks & operations and processes are left to be performed by human beings. The study stresses library automation as the application of computers and utilization of computer based products and services in the performance of different operations and functions or in the provision of various services and output products. In addition to computer advancement, telecommunication and audio-visual technologies gives a way to new possibilities in information processing and handling. The study of Back & Bailey (2010), explored the design space of mash-up techniques for the faultless inclusion of information from Web services into websites. They considered the cases where an Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) is either the target of such addition or the basis of the information bei ng included. They focused on client-side techniques in which each user’s browser contacts Web services directly because this approach lends itself to the creation of HTML widgets. The widgets allow the integration and customization of Web services without requiring programming. They also described in detail the functionality and use of several widget libraries and Web services we built. Although the specific requirements for each system differ because of their respective nature, all systems are designed to be deployable with minimum effort and resource requirements. This low entry cost, combined with the provision of a high-level, non-programming interface, constitute two vital precondition for the broad adoption of techniques in libraries, which in turn has the potential to vastly increase the reach and visibility of their electronic resources in the wider community.

Brave New World Diction Essay

† In chapter 3 of Aldous Huxley’s novel Brave New World, many things are revealed about hot the society in this novel functions. It shows more about the work that the people do and how the society functions. Huxley uses repetition and descriptive diction to provide a deeper look into the society that is shown in this passage. In one paragraph, one specific word helps to clarify the meaning of the repetition of the word â€Å"whisk†. While talking about history, the Controller states that â€Å"History is bunk† to the students. In context, bunk is taken to mean nonsense, or unimportant. It serves the authors purpose by revealing more about the society in this passage. History is irrelevant to the alphas. The word â€Å"bunk† further helps to explain the diction in the next paragraph of this passage. The word â€Å"whisk† is repeated twelve times in one paragraph. It is used to describe how easily history is wiped away and forgotten. It even shows that music and feelings such as passion are gone. The repetition of the word â€Å"whisk† is fundamental in illustrating how insignificant the past is to this society. The authors use of descriptive diction gives further insight about this society. The author uses words and phrases such as â€Å"tactual†, â€Å"Embryo Store†, and â€Å"Psychology Bureau† among many others. This is significant because it illustrates how technologically advanced the society in this passage is. This passage reveals that society has completely disregarded history and advanced in the scientific field. The author uses the word â€Å"forbidden† to describe poetry books and religious books such as the Bible. This further develops the society as a society where feelings evoked by poetry and religious faith are frowned upon. As this passage demonstrates, history and literature have been removed from this society. History and literature are subjects that connect people, and tie them together, but without them, this passage shows that this society is very advanced in the field of science. This society is clearly appalled by life led by their ancestors. They have effectively gotten rid of history, and any feeling that helps them make lasting connections to other people. Through the use of descriptive diction, the authors purpose of providing insight into this society is fully accomplished. The diction in this passage illustrates how dynamic the society in this novel is. This society revolves around science, and wants nothing to do with the past. This passage provides very important insight into how this society functions, and the structure of the society. The author successfully achieves his purpose through the use of repetition and expressive diction. Brave New World Diction Essay † In chapter 3 of Aldous Huxley’s novel Brave New World, many things are revealed about hot the society in this novel functions. It shows more about the work that the people do and how the society functions. Huxley uses repetition and descriptive diction to provide a deeper look into the society that is shown in this passage. In one paragraph, one specific word helps to clarify the meaning of the repetition of the word â€Å"whisk†. While talking about history, the Controller states that â€Å"History is bunk† to the students. In context, bunk is taken to mean nonsense, or unimportant. It serves the authors purpose by revealing more about the society in this passage. History is irrelevant to the alphas. The word â€Å"bunk† further helps to explain the diction in the next paragraph of this passage. The word â€Å"whisk† is repeated twelve times in one paragraph. It is used to describe how easily history is wiped away and forgotten. It even shows that music and feelings such as passion are gone. The repetition of the word â€Å"whisk† is fundamental in illustrating how insignificant the past is to this society. The authors use of descriptive diction gives further insight about this society. The author uses words and phrases such as â€Å"tactual†, â€Å"Embryo Store†, and â€Å"Psychology Bureau† among many others. This is significant because it illustrates how technologically advanced the society in this passage is. This passage reveals that society has completely disregarded history and advanced in the scientific field. The author uses the word â€Å"forbidden† to describe poetry books and religious books such as the Bible. This further develops the society as a society where feelings evoked by poetry and religious faith are frowned upon. As this passage demonstrates, history and literature have been removed from this society. History and literature are subjects that connect people, and tie them together, but without them, this passage shows that this society is very advanced in the field of science. This society is clearly appalled by life led by their ancestors. They have effectively gotten rid of history, and any feeling that helps them make lasting connections to other people. Through the use of descriptive diction, the authors purpose of providing insight into this society is fully accomplished. The diction in this passage illustrates how dynamic the society in this novel is. This society revolves around science, and wants nothing to do with the past. This passage provides very important insight into how this society functions, and the structure of the society. The author successfully achieves his purpose through the use of repetition and expressive diction.

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Annotated Bibliography Example This article confirms the report from Martin and Lehren, where low-income students were able to pay off their debts. The article is credible, because authors had knowledge and skills in conducting this kind of study. This article helps my research, because it informs readers of the financial effects of student loans after college. College loans may be too high to be adequately paid, which discourage some students from graduating in college. Baum, Sandy. â€Å"Hard Heads and Soft Hearts: Balancing Equity and Efficiency in Institutional Student Aid Policy.† New Directions for Higher Education 140 (2007): 75-85. Advanced Placement Source. Web. 3 July 2012. Baum explores the hardships for school administrators in balancing equity and efficiency decisions. The main argument of the article in relation to college debt is that society increasingly favors people with merit or skills, instead of helping those who are in need. She argues for the importance of providing discounts to low-income students, so that they can have the chance to enter college. The author is reliable, because she has skills and knowledge in economics. The journal is also credible, since it focuses on diverse higher education issues and employs empirical approach to data collection and analysis. This article is important to my research, because it shows that low-income students struggle to get college loans that they critically need to finish college. Because of their intense desire to finish college, they may lack awareness and knowledge that college costs may be too high to help them in quickly alleviating their financial problems right after college. Cooper argues against the commoditization of college education, because the learning experience is individuated, and the language of business cannot be applied to the learning process and systems of colleges. Moreover, he believes that commoditizing education neglects the

Browns Fashion Store Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Browns Fashion Store - Research Paper Example The paper "Browns Fashion Store" analyzes the boutique of Browns Fashion. It is known for talent discovering talent and has support fashion design for the last 43 years. The main product and collection include: men’s wear women’s wear and home wear including designers, clothing accessories and brown focus. These products are unique and satisfy the needs of men and women separately. In addition other products like the household like chairs are inclusive. It is internationally known for its design and talents. Brown fashion takes the hassle out of packaging, retail displays, and store design Brown represents the biggest brand on their street and the hottest label. It brings a herd commercial age to the business of fashion marketing. On the issue of advertisement, it is always stylish and always shifts the products to satisfy the customers. It relates to the public through communication that is to broadly build the fame of the label and drive sales .The communication campa igns target women’s fashion ,men’s fashion and the kid’s fashion .The team that facilitate the public relation is characterized by cool, traditional ,chic and stylish. In addition ,online shopping is done in which all the product are displayed and their prices quoted .Online shopping come with offer at a percentage against the actual; process all the product can be accessed by the client and the design interested in .The client only log in and purchase.The Brown store identifies its client through Pen portrait.

Online Business and E-Commerce Services in Libya as a developing Literature review

Online Business and E-Commerce Services in Libya as a developing country - Literature review Example Before E-Commerce can be adopted on a wide scale, however, there are many obstacles to be overcome. This chapter reviews the literature in terms of issues to be considered when planning the expansion of online business and e-commerce services in a developing country. The introductory section looks at definitions of e-commerce and theories as they apply to developing countries. Section 2.2. is wide-ranging and covers a selection of the large number of empirical studies conducted in different developing countries across the world. After this (Section 2.3) there is a consideration of previous work done on the readiness of society to accept and use e-commerce within developing countries with Arabic language and culture. Finally the literature on e-commerce potential in Libya is reviewed, including any specific challenges facing this particular context. The term â€Å"e-commerce† emerged in the late twentieth century with the increasing use of computers in everyday life. It can be defined very simply as â€Å"goods and services transacted over Internet† (Purohit and Purohit, 2005, p. 8) A more expansive definition is the following: â€Å"the sharing of business information, maintaining business relationships and conducting business transactions through telecommunications networks† (Zwass, 1996 and 2003, p. 8) This definition emphasises the importance of all the links in the chain from supplier to business and to customer. Zwass is keen to point out that it is not simply a matter of customers and businesses being linked through the World Wide Web by means of computers, but in fact it is a phenomenon that requires radically different organisational developments behind the scenes, involving both telecommunications and computers: â€Å"The most important of these are interorganizational information systems, standa rds for exchanging business documents, such as electronic data interchange (EDI), distributed database management systems, and collaboration technology.† (Zwass, 2003, p. 9) All of these dimensions are widely available in the developed world, and research in improving them, increasing innovation and leveraging more efficiency and profits from their use is continuing at a fast pace. Current interest in newer technologies such as digital signatures is growing but their usefulness in developing countries is questionable, since most transactions there depend on longstanding company to company relationships and there is a reluctance to enter into B2b relationships with people who are not familiar. (Humphrey et al, 2003, p. i) The phenomenal success of huge global retailers such as eBay and Amazon have demonstrated the value in creating flexible market places, with standard pricing, auctions and customer participation in both buying and selling as part of the whole business culture. One meta-analysis of articles on the adoption of online shopping cited the dot com bubble and the sudden crisis that occurred there as a reason why the early promise of huge growth in online business did not quite occur in the way that was originally predicted. (Chang et al., 2004) but all the signs are that these teething problems have been dealt with, and E-Commerce is

Castle bingo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Castle bingo - Essay Example CRM integrates marketing, service and supply-chain functions in order to achieve greater efficiency in delivering greater value to discriminating customers. Consequently, CRM improves customer services, facilitates better integration of marketing tools, increases organisation revenues and reduces costs associated with customer services by a significant level (Richards & Jones, 2008). Castle Bingo and Benefits of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) The three primary elements of CRM have been described hereunder. Operational CRM Operational CRM consists of software packages that are used to efficiently arrange inbound and outbound customers interactions. Operational CRM aid in processes related with sales, customer service, marketing and automating communications. Service automation helps an organisation to manage service operations delivered through web, contact centre and face to face. Some of the significant benefits of operational CRM to Castle Bingo may include: Sales Force Aut omation Enterprise marketing Automation Customer Service and Support (Bhatnagar, 2012). Analytical CRM Analytical CRM involves analysing customer vital information in order to effectively meet the marketing and customer service goals and deliver appropriate message to the right customer at right time through appropriate channel. The significant benefit of Analytical CRM to Castle Bingo may involve Customer retention Segmentation and targeting Development of new products according to the customer’s specifications (Bhatnagar, 2012). Collaborative CRM Collaborative CRM comprises the system that facilitates customers to perform various services on their own through variety of interaction channels. It renders people process as well as data together and further facilities in channelling the data along with customer related information for ensuring proactive decision making. It ensures timely sharing of information and results in enhanced customer services. The major benefits of Col laborative CRM to Castle Bingo may involve: Providing effective customer communication across different channels, Increases the efficiency of online services and help in reducing customers service costs associated with offline services and Facilitate in better access to customers data during the time of interaction with customers (Bhatnagar, 2012). The Principles of Big Data and Metrics The data driven decision-making is currently being widely recognized and is viewed to be an increasing enthusiastic aspect related with the notion of ‘Big Data.’ Big Data refers to traditional enterprise data which comprises valuable information regarding the nature of the customers that is ascertained through CRM systems, web store transactions, ERP data as well as general ledger data. Furthermore, it also includes social data such as customers’ feedback streams, micro blogging internet sites like Twitter and social media like Facebook (Dijcks, 2012). The perception of Big Data c an primarily be attributed with four principles that have been discussed below. More Granular Information or Micro Segmentation The principle of micro segmentation can be

Human Resource Management in the Multinational Context Research Paper

Human Resource Management in the Multinational Context - Research Paper Example Alignment of HRM strategy in MNCs is of importance when it comes to strategic implementation (Chew & Horwitz 2004, p. 33). This is the alignment of HHRM systems and policies with the organizational goals and policies in order to achieve the established operational goal and competitive strategy of the firm. HRM system must be deemed as a source of the firm’s competitive advantage in any multination for it to be successful (Sparrow et al 1994, p. 268). IHR function constitutes of corporate HRM group managing the various roles and practices of personnel management. This HRM group has about 500 level managers who carry out the global service program. In line with the company’s philosophy, the HRM group manages the various subsidiaries in line with the markets they operate in, for instance, the company applies varying HR standards in different market operations. Salary standards are applied differently in a different market and the aim is to ensure that their salary scale re mains competitive in the markets. Multinationals like Coca Cola staffs its operations from the local personnel and only engages expatriates where the system demands. According to Caligiuri et al (2010, p. 3), successful MNC companies manage their global staff in ways that match their strategic needs as well as the demands of their markets. Global market offers different external environments and varying skills and capabilities in the global labor market HR plays a critically important role in managing the companies’ global operations and enhancing their competitiveness. IHRM policies and practices play an important role in strengthening interunit linkages in various ways including staffing policies, comprehensive planning of human resource, compensation policies, performance appraisals, and development and training of staff. As the report stresses business today is no longer limited to the countries’ national boundaries. Large multinationals do a significant percentage of their business activities outside their home market and country; this has resulted from continued establishment and strengthening of business in the overseas by multinationals. Competitiveness in these corporations has largely been determined by their effectiveness in the international market, this is in turn determined by the effectiveness of global managers particularly the international human resource managers who can function effectively in the international business activities. IHR practices are critically important in determining the effectiveness of multinationals.

Description of four specific ways in which Neuman's HCSM could be used Dissertation

Description of four specific ways in which Neuman's HCSM could be used to improve nursing practice - Dissertation Example 242). The HCSM in Nursing Paradigms The field of nursing usually utilizes four paradigms or concepts in its practice, namely, the person or client, environment, health, and nursing itself. These concepts are defined in Neuman’s model, according to how it is applied in organizing the structure of the profession. As presented by Neuman and Fawcett, the client may be a person, family, group, or community, and there is the need for a clear definition of who are included in the client system and how they relate to other members (as cited in Sitzman & Eichelberger, 2010, p. 79). The client or client system is then viewed in five variables, which are the physiologic, psychologic, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual aspects. The environment is described as all internal and external factors that surround the client, while health is connected to both wellness and illness. Wellness is the client’s system to remain stable at any given time, and illness is the failure to ach ieve homeostasis in the presence of stressors. Nursing, on the other hand, is concerned with assessing the client in response to stressors, and assisting him to cope with them according to the three levels of prevention in order to achieve the optimum degree of wellness.

Environmental Development through Role Play in Schools Essay Example for Free

Environmental Development through Role Play in Schools Essay 1. Executive Summary In this proposal the Environmental Protection Group (EPG) requests funding for its Environmental Development Project through Role Play in Schools. The project’s goal is to contribute to the reduction of environmental devastation and destruction through the implementation of role-play strategies that highlight concomitant preventive and behaviour change interventions. With this support, EPG will emphasize on increasing awareness practices and measurement requirements and work in close collaboration with partners toward the reduction of the burden of environmental devastation. EPG is requesting Kyats 16,000,000 to support its efforts to combat human effects on our environment and its resultant environmental destruction among the currently unnoticed affected areas of Myanmar. EPG will work in collaboration with the â€Å"Save Earth†, community-based organizations and International NGOs, promoting positive behaviour change through the Environmental protection Role play in schools project. 2. Environmental Issues in Myanmar While environmental protection projects and environment activists are endeavoring to bring forth harmony amongst our environment and our society, Myanmar has rather a slow rate of environmental protection measurements. Citizens should be warned of the effects of their behavior on the environment and the resultant destruction of the environment. However, since the population of working people will not be able to contribute much to our project, we have set our targets on children. Through role play on environmental devastation, we will raise children’s awareness of the environment. Despite learning about the deterioration of the environment only when they get older, making children contribute to the environment is claimed to have much effect both on the children and on the environment. While the environment will get greener with children’s interest in it, the children, on the other hand, will also learn the advantages and disadvantages of their behavior towards the Earth. This way, the science of the Earth and the art of individual responsibility will be learned by the children at the same time, as well as benefit in the eco-friendliness of men and our Earth. 3. Project Objectives to raise environmental awareness through community participation approach to get ideas from the community to promote community’s critical thinking of the environment 4. Our Vision Statement Communities in which people respect the environment, develop the sustainable eco-friendly lifestyle and share the environmental knowledge and practice from generation to generation. 5. The weaknesses of our community Lack of environmental awareness Weakness in practicing conservation Ignorance of the significance of the natural environment 6. Skills and Qualities Patience Motivation in community participation Theatre ability Persuasiveness Ability to understand the reality of the community Scientific Knowledge

Effects of Marginalizing Social and Environmental Reporting

Effects of Marginalizing Social and Environmental Reporting AIM The aim of this research work is to observe and analyze the implications of marginalizing Social and Environmental reporting and explain how such reporting can be strengthened. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Problem statement Conventional accounting reports place more emphasis on the financial performance of reporting entities compared to their social and environmental performance. Guidance on social and environmental reporting is currently provided by organizations outside the accounting profession, such as AccountAbility (AA) and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). We are going to discuss the implications of marginalizing social and environmental reporting. We will also shed light on how such reporting can be strengthened. Objectives To shed light on the above we will try to find out the following in our project: Identify what has impelled the need for social and environmental reporting. Identify how and why Social and Environmental reporting is being incorporated by entities into their reporting. Identify the alternative approaches to Social and Environmental reporting. Illustrate the relevance of the guidelines presented by organizations such as AccountAbility and Global Reporting Initiatives on Social and Environmental Reporting. Discuss the nature of voluntary disclosure. State the implications of marginalizing Social and Environmental reporting. Outline how such reporting could be strengthened and be effectively incorporated by reporting entities. RESEARCH METHODS The following methods were used to gather information to compile this project: Literature review was done. Previous working papers and journal articles of different accounting professionals and authors were analyzed in order to attain information that was both relevant and reliable in regards to social and environmental reporting. We also interviewed Mr Napolioni Batimala (Audit Manager à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" PWC) to derive the current information available regarding the issues concerning social and environmental reporting and its current stand. Case studies on three Fiji companies were conducted, in order to determine the situation in Fiji regarding Social and Environmental reporting. A qualitative data analysis of the results was carried out. These were selected based on their extensive environmental (FSC) and social (BAT) impacts. FMF was also considered, as it is the largest, manufacturing company in the country. British American Tobacco Fiji Ltd Fiji Sugar Corporation Flour mills of Fiji Library research was also conducted. Extensive archival research and literary research from respective journals was carried out in order to find extensive views and analysis and to get insight on past research and current thoughts on this topic. Annual reports were analyzed such as: British American Tobacco (2005 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2007) FSC (2005 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2008) Flour Mills of Fiji (2005-2008) Internet research was conducted as well. Proquest references were sourced to get hold of electronic journals for the issues of journals that USP library does not hold. The access of Internet references provided more up-to-date statistics and secular information that were available in library references. The South Pacific Stock Exchange (SPSE) website was also extensively visited. Corporate websites for these companies were also visited. This project was compiled from discussion generated in our group during meeting in which information obtained by the methods mentioned above were extensively analyzed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research topic we undertook reflected the social and economic reality of many countries. It no doubt is an indication of the future of many companies in Fiji itself. This project would not have been possible without the contribution of the following authorities and individuals for providing us with latest information and their views on social and environmental reporting. We are very appreciative to: Mr. Tevita Veituna Our Tutor Mr. Nacanieli Rika The Course Co-coordinator Mr. Napolioni Batimala à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Audit Manager (PWC) The organizations and individuals who have contributed information We would like to take this opportunity to thank anyone else who contributed towards the project in any way possible. DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY We, Rieaz, Moreen, Priya and Zafeen hereby declare that the information presented in this project is our original work and correct to date. All the working papers especially used in the literature review or in guidance of this project are clearly referenced in the bibliography with in text referencing given after the various quotations used. RATIONALE With the emergence of many social and environmental problems globally including gender discrimination in the workforce, and excessive use of child labor, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the thinning of the ozone layer and global warming, deforestation, species extinction, waste disposal, energy usage land, air, and water pollution, usage of toxic chemicals, and resource scarcity together with the occurrence of significant environmental disasters such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill and the Bhopal gas leakà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Lodhia, S., 2004: p.111) and the growing power of the media to air these issues worldwide together with the apparent popularity of vocal special interest groups such as Greenpeace and Amnesty International, has resulted in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“increased community attention towards the identification of approaches to deal more effectively with these concernsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(Wilmshurst Frost, 2000). This is what the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (2001) has to say, A combination of growing awareness of environmental issues by the general population and increased non-governmental organization (NGO) pressure and activity has led many corporations to reflect on and revise their corporate environmental responsibilities. This heightened anxiety amongst the members of society over the adverse effects of business operations on the physical and social environment has culminated into what is referred to as social and environmental reporting, or synonymously, corporate social responsibility reporting (CSR). Social and environmental reporting as acknowledged by Deegan (2006) is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reporting that typically involves the provision, to a range of stakeholders, of information about the performance of an entity with regard to its interaction with its physical and social environment, inclusive of information about an entityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s support of employees, local and overseas communities, safety record and use of natural resources.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This seminar paper endeavors to report on the main issues concerning social and environmental reporting. Thus, it will seek to address the following issues in relation to social and environmental reporting: how specific accounting theories help us to understand it, its perceived benefits to the reporting entities and society and some alternative approaches to social and environmental reporting such as AccountAbility and Global Reporting Initiative. It is important to note that in Fiji, social and environmental reporting is voluntary in nature. Furthermore, the implications of marginalizing social and environmental reporting is also discussed together with suggestions on how this type of reporting can be strengthened. INTRODUCTION Conventionally, the accounting function of business organizations have been based on the accounting entity, measurement of economic events in financial terms and users of reports who are only concerned with the financial implications of entity on business position and performance. However, there has been emerging a new focus in business reporting in this era where there are now various stakeholders who are demanding information on social and environmental performance of entities to be disclosed as well as financial performance. These demands have increased pressures on entities to use social and environmental issues in the decision-making process. This is particularly vital for the South Pacific Island communities, which have been plagued by a range of environmental problems culminating in sea-level rise and unexpected climatic change in the Islands. These issues are also critical in Fiji and in recent years growing public awareness has resulted in closer scrutiny of the activities of the major industries that may be contributing to environmental degradation. The oil spillages in Suvaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s major industrial area, Walu Bay (Fiji Times, 19 April 1998; Fiji Sun, 2 Feb 2000) and many activities as such have provoked the need for appropriate environmental and social legislation in Fiji. Many companies throughout the world publish reports that discuss their economic, environmental and social performance. This evidently shows that companies today are now embracing sustainability as a corporate goal, rather than simply aiming for profitability. These practices represent moves towards sustainable development by these organizations, which require these entities to unequivocally consider various aspects of their economic, social and environmental performance. ( Deegan 2006 p.327) Such disclosure includes that in-printed form such as- Examples standalone environmental reports, triple bottom line reports, sustainability and annual reports. In addition information that is disseminated on the Internet via corporate websites. (Hooks van Staden 2007 p.197) These social reporting practices are often referred to as corporate social responsibility reporting, or sustainability reporting. The latter covers aspects of both financial sustainability and performance, and social and environmental sustainability.(Deegan 2006 p.329) The moral arguments for greater corporate social responsibility arise from the increases in size, power and spread of multinational companies, as well as an increased awareness of the impact of companies on the environment and local communities.(Adams 2004 pg.731) This increase in awareness has been brought about by the media, the Internet, and the action of non-governmental organizations. These social reporting practices are often referred to as corporate social responsibility reporting, or sustainability reporting. The latter covers aspects of both financial sustainability and performance, and social and environmental sustainability.(Deegan 2006 p.329) The moral arguments for greater corporate social responsibility arise from the increases in size, power and spread of multinational companies, as well as an increased awareness of the impact of companies on the environment and local communities.(Adams 2004 pg.731) This increase in awareness has been brought about by the media, the Internet, and the action of non-governmental organizations. Social and environmental reporting developed as stakeholders began to demand information on other aspects of an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations, apart from their financial performance. Stakeholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ expectations and needs have extended to the entitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ social and environmental performance. These were in the form of widespread interest of stakeholders in terms of demand for social reports of entities, pressure from environmental lobby groups to increase environmental disclosures, and also the increased competitiveness of the business environment where stakeholders today demand more accountability and transparency from organizations, concerning the utilization of their resources. Our project will basically emphasize on social and environmental reporting by business firms. We will also shed light on the organizations outside the accounting profession namely, AccountAbility (AA) and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) who are providing guidance on social and environmental reporting. It also incorporates the implications of marginalizing social and environmental reporting and how such reporting can be strengthened and effectively be incorporated by reporting entities. The various theories relating to voluntary disclosure are looked at, such as the legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and institutional theory etc. How the information is reported and what implications it might have on the users of social and environmental information, in helping make decisions is also discussed. An analysis on some Fiji companies has also been undertaken to determine the extent of environmental and social reporting. However, social and environmental reporting in Fiji, is voluntary in nature to this day. THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS The different theoretical perspectives need not be seen as competitors for explanation but as sources of interpretation of different factors at different levels of resolution. In this sense, legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory enrich, rather than compete for, our understandings of corporate social disclosure practices. (Gray, Kouhy and Lavers 1995 ) Specific accounting theories help us to understand social and environmental reporting, by seeking to explain why many organizations publicly release information about their social and environmental performance, even with the general lack of regulation in this area. That is, it helps us understand what motivates entities to release this information voluntarily. LEGITIMACY THEORY According to Lindblom, legitimacy is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a condition or status which exists when an entitys value system is congruent with the value system of the larger social system of which the entity is a part. When a disparity, actual or potential, exists between the two value systems, there is a threat to the entitys legitimacy.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[1] This theory asserts that organizations continually seek to ensure that they are perceived as operating within the bounds and norms of their respective societies (which change over time), that is, they attempt to ensure that their activities are perceived by outside parties as being legitimate. Information disclosure is therefore vital to establishing corporate legitimacy.(Deegan 2006 pg.275) Under Legitimacy Theory, an entity would undertake certain social activities (and provide an account of this), if management recognizes that the particular activities were expected by the society in which it operates. It is part of their social contract, or as is often stated by companies, part of their license to operate. If an entity fails to undertake these activities that are expected by the community, it would be identified as breaching its social contract. This will result in the entity no longer being considered legitimate. Therefore this will have an effect on the support the entity receives from the society, and consequently its survival. Hence, success for an entity under this theory is impendent on it fulfilling its social contract. Lindblom, 1994 and Patten, 2000 state that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“according to legitimacy theory, social disclosure is a means to deal with the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exposure to political and social pressuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (as cited in Freedman Jaggi 2005). Those companies without much regard to environmental and social performance might find it faced with sanctions or explicit regulations imposed on them. In addition, they may also find it very difficult to obtain resources and finance or find the support of the community in which it works in the form of employee dissatisfaction. Legitimacy theory assumes that society will allow an organization to continue operations up until the firm meets the societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectation. And the firm generally meets expectations to avoid further government regulations on operations or bad effects on reputation. But if there are some expectations that the management feels are unreasonable, they may try to change stakeholder expectations or try to justify their actions. Legitimacy theory has been examined in numerous empirical studies with the results being fairly consistent in confirming the theory. For example the Deegan and Gordon (1996) study indicated among other findings, that there was a positive correlation between the environmental sensitivity of the industry to which the corporation belonged and the level of corporate environment disclosure. In addition, another study by Deegan, Rankin and Vought (2000) found that companies did appear to change their disclosure policies around the time of major company and industry related incidents. That is, social disclosure policies in the annual reports of companies tended to change when major social incidents or disasters occurred in the industry. However, legitimacy is not only achieved by the actual conduct of the organization. Legitimacy is gained as long as the society perceives that the firm is acting responsibly. But sometimes, the societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perceptions are quite misplaced as information disclosures, which are vital to establishing legitimacy do not give an accurate account of the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s activities. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An organization may diverge dramatically from societal norms yet retain legitimacy because the divergence goes unnoticed.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(Suchman, 1995, p. 574) So if society does not know that a firm is not acting ethically, then legitimacy cannot be threatened. Lindblom describes 4 strategies of legitimization that an organization can adopt. The firm may seek to: educate and inform its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"relevant publicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ about actual changes in the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance and activities. change the perceptions of the relevant public without having to change the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actual behaviour manipulate perception by deflecting attention from the issue of concern to other related issues through an appeal to, for example, emotive symbols change external expectations of its performance Hence, we can conclude from the perspective of this theory that, social and environmental reporting may be just a tool that entities use to legitimize or justify their operations. Particularly in the case of entities in industries which have extensive environmental and social impacts. For example, petroleum, oil or gas companies, tobacco producers, pharmaceutical companies, and manufacturing companies. STAKEHOLDER THEORY Stakeholder theory is concerned with how management addresses the various issues associated with relationships with stakeholders. In other words, it is how an organization manages its stakeholders. According to Freeman (1984), traditionally, the firms used the inputs of investors, suppliers and employees to convert inputs into usable outputs which customers use and return to the firm some capital benefit. By this, firms only address the needs and desires of those four parties which are investors, suppliers, employees and customers. Stakeholder theory acknowledges that there are other parties involved, including governmental bodies, political groups, trade associations, trade unions, communities, and associated corporations. This view of the firm is applied to identify the specific stakeholders of a corporation, that is, the normative theory of stakeholder identifies as well as examines the conditions under which these parties should be treated as stakeholders, the descriptive theory of stakeholder. The two make up the modern treatment of Stakeholder Theory. It attempts to describe, prescribe, and derive alternatives for corporate governance that include and balance a multitude of interests. In the ruling paradigm of corporate governance, those who invest their capital into any type of business, and those who risk losing their investment in parts or in total, have a right and a responsibility to govern the business they have invested into. Capital investors or principals either govern the business themselves, or they do so with support of agents or managers who they may appoint. One way to sum up the use of the stakeholder concept in the management literature and stakeholder theories is by reference to the framework suggested by Donaldson and Preston (22). It can be used in a number of ways, they identify a descriptive, and an instrumental and a normative aspect of stakeholder theory that can help understand and classify the different facets of stakeholder theory. They argue that: Stakeholder theory is descriptive as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“it describes the corporation as a constellation of cooperative and competitive interests possessing intrinsic valueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (p.66). This is also known as the positive approach. Stakeholder theory is instrumental since à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“it establishes a framework for examining the connections, if any, between the practice of stakeholder management and the achievement of a variety of corporate performance goalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Lastly, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the fundamental basisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of stakeholder theory is normative and involves acceptance of the following ideas: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“stakeholders are persons or groups with legitimate interests in procedural and /or substantive aspects of corporate activityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the interests of all stakeholders are of intrinsic valueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The difference between the three uses of stakeholder theory is explained by the fact that they imply different types of claims and include different forms of reasoning for their justification. Positive (or descriptive) uses of stakeholder theory make claims to truth and are justified through constative discourses, strategic (or instrumental) uses make claims of effectiveness and employ pragmatic discourses, and normative uses of stakeholder theory can entail different types of claims (rightness, goodness) and be justified through different types of discourses (moral, ethical). However, this research report is limited to explain that the stakeholder theory comprises of an ethical/moral or normative branch also known as the prescriptive branch and a positive or managerial branch. The ethical or normative branch of the stakeholder theory basically deals with fairness, that is, to treat all stakeholders the same. While the positive or managerial approach focus more on the ability of the stakeholders to influence or be influenced by a company. It is primarily a theory of the private-sector firm although the insights can be applied in parts to public sector settings. This is due to the circumstance that public management responsibilities are similar to private sector management tasks not only formally but also concerning the rising network nature of organizations in both spheres. It gives a more refined solution by referring to particular groups within society, that is, stakeholder groups while the Legitimacy theory discusses the expectations of society in general. Stakeholder theory recognises that as different stakeholder groups will have different opinions about how an organization should carry out its operations, there will be a variety of social contracts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"negotiatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ with different stakeholder groups, instead of one contract with society in general. Stakeholder Theory (Normative/Ethical Perspective): The ethical or normative branch of Stakeholder theory argues that all stakeholders have the right to be treated fairly by an organization, regardless of the resources that they individually control or how economically powerful they are. Therefore organizations should consider the rights of all parties affected by the operation of the entity. The definition of stakeholders in this case would include à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objectivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Freeman 1984). Stakeholder Theory (Positive/Managerial Perspective): The managerial or positive branch of stakeholder theory predicts that management is more likely to focus on meeting the expectations of powerful stakeholders. These are those that have the greatest potential to influence the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to generate profits, that is have the most economic power and influence over the firm. Under this perspective, management would be expected to undertake those economic, social and environmental activities expected by the powerful stakeholders, and also provide an account of these activities to these stakeholders. (Deegan 2006 p.298) Defining Stakeholders A stakeholder in an organization is by definition any identifiable group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organizations objective (Freeman, 1984: 25). As a broad definition this includes many individuals or organizations for instance, governments, shareholders, creditors, employees and their families, local charities, local communities, media and so forth. It also allows the inclusion of groups such as terrorists and competitors (Phillips, 1997). For clarity this dilemma can partly be resolved by narrowing the definition in a meaningful way, that is, to divide the stakeholders into primary and secondary stakeholders. By following Clarksons argument (Clarkson, 1994), Mitchell et al. claimed that the use of risk as a second defining property for the stake in an organization helps to narrow down the stakeholder field to those with legitimate claims, despite the legitimacy of their relationship to the firm or their power to influence the firm. (Mitchell et al., 1997, 857). Therefore, a primary stakeholder was identified as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"one whose continuing participation to the corporation is vital as a going concernà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. While secondary stakeholders were identified to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"those who affect or influence, or are affected or influenced by the corporation but they are not engaged in transactions with the corporation and are not crucial for its survivalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. According to Clarkson, primary stakeholders must primarily be considered by management, as they are essential for the survival of a company. Also, in order for the company to succeed in the long run, it must primarily be administered for the benefit of all stakeholders. This definition may be related to the managerial branch of the stakeholder theory that will be discussed later. However, with the focus on primary stakeholders; it is challenged by the ethical branch of the stakeholder theory that all stakeholders have a right to be considered by management. Critiques of Stakeholder Theory There have been a variety of critiques of stakeholder theory from many viewpoints. Weiss (1995) discards the descriptive and instrumental usage of stakeholder theory and comes to a conclusion that the normative use à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“probably might be too limited and has a too weak foundation to be considered as either useful or valid.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Further critiques suggest that business interests are vital in both the identification of stakeholders and prioritizing their demands (Thomas, 1999; Banerjee, 2000). The stakeholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs and demands may be limited particularly where stakeholders groups have very different social, cultural and political agenda. A great deal of critique has been towards the level of engagement with stakeholders that is, little consultation instead of genuine dialogue and the exchange of ideas. That is, the stakeholderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs are not taken seriously. INSTITUTIONAL THEORY Institutional Theory is a relatively new perspective that assumes that managers of an organization will develop or adopt new practices (such as social and environmental reporting) as a result of a variety of institutional pressures. For example, managers may be concerned that if they do not keep up with other entities in developing new practices, they will risk disapproval from some of their economically powerful stakeholders. SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY According to Godfrey, Hodgson and Holmes (2003), social contract has been described as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the interaction between individuals or organizations within society through implicit or explicit boundaries of behaviorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, where implicit boundaries are moral obligations and explicit boundaries are regulatory requirements. Therefore, the social contract explains the boundaries of acceptable interaction between participants in a society. The social contract is sometimes used to explain the behaviour of firms where productive organizations are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“subject to moral evaluations which transcend the boundaries of the political systems that contain them. The underlying function of all such organizations from the standpoint of society is to enhance social welfare through satisfying consumer and worker interests, while at the same time remaining within the bounds of justice. When they fail to live up to these expectations they are deserving of moral criticismsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Thus, because of a businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ social contract with stakeholders within a community, it is expected to perform only those actions which are desirable and beneficial to the whole society, rather than having to the investors only. This will give the firm acceptance from the society. Hence, management responds positively to environmental and social issues, because it has it has moral obligations to the society and failure to exercise care while carrying out their activities i.e. doing misdeeds towards the community will result in introduction of regulatory requirements to control management performance on environment and employee, for example. POSITIVE ACCOUNTING THEORY: Positive Accounting Theory predicts that all people are driven by self-interest. As such, particular social and environmental reporting activities, and their related disclosure, would only take place if they had positive wealth implications for the management involved. Therefore motives for social and environmental reporting can be a result of a reporting entityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s desire to maximize financial returns for shareholders and (or) managers by using social and environmental reporting as a tool to maintain and enhance the support of economically powerful stakeholders. On the other hand, it may also be a result of an entityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s desire to discharge duties of accountability for the social and environmental impact the organization (potentially) has on a wide range of stakeholders. LITERATURE REVIEW Historical Development: Non-financial disclosure existed in a variety of forms in corporate reports in periods long before the 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s.Studies have found that such voluntary disclosure have existed for a number of decades. For example, Unerman (2000a,b) found evidence of social disclosures in annual reports of the Anglo-Dutch oil company Shell since 1897,with these disclosures becoming more prevalent from the 1950s.Adams te (1998) analysed UK banks and retailers from 1935,Tinker mark (1987,1988) and Neimark (1992) analysed social-type disclosures in the annual reports of the US company General Motors from 1916.Studies by Campbell (2000) and others have examined social and environmental disclosures in companies from the 1960s and 1970s. Thus, the development of social and environmental reporting in the 1990s was a development of non-financial reporting practice rather than a completely new phenomenon. (Deegan 2006 p.331). A review on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ Social responsibility and impact on societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by Mohamed Zairi (2000) discusses the emerging commitment to address both environment and societal concerns, an area which is growing in terms of significance and proven to impact on business performances, reputation and corporate image. The observation made was that the world wide organizations have staged conferences to debate the relevance of social and environmental reporting on corporations and stakeholders. Also companies have started to make real headway in this area of reporting by proposing a framework that deals with social and environmental reporting and disclosing issues that concerns social and environmental reporting. According to Trevor Wilmshurst and Geoffrey Frost (2000) , they tried to analyze the link between the importances of, as stated by reporters of specific factors in the decision to disclose environmental information and actual reporting practices. They used Legitimacy theory as an explanatory theory of environmental disclosure. The legitimacy t

Exploring Arab Women :: Arab Culture Cultural Marriage Essays

Exploring Arab Women In Liyana Badr’s novel, A Balcony over the Fakihani, the reader witnesses Yusra’s experience with water as she proclaims that, â€Å"I’ll [she’ll] stay till I’ve [she’s] filled my [her] jerry can [even] if I [she] die[s] doing it! (Badr, 10)† While Maha the main female character in Fadia Faqir’s Pillars of Salt, and her husband â€Å"immersed our [their] bodies in the warm water,† (Faqir, 54) of the Dead Sea as they share their first love making experience. Yasmina teaches granddaughter Fatima of the liberating power of water in Fatima Mernissi’s lyrical coming of age account of harem life in Dreams of Trespass. While Asya, the primary female character in Ahdaf Soueif’s In the Eye of the Sun, jet sets between the pools of the posh and exclusive Cairo country clubs and summer cruises in the Mediterranean. Yet, Leila Al-Atrash’s female character Nadia only mentions water in passing as she showers to avo id the presence of her husband. While one woman is desperate for a drop of water and willing to risk her life to achieve it, others use it as a vehicle to outsmart a dominating first wife, while another fully engages with water in the convenience of her home. This variation in the Authors’ usage and need water reflects the greater diversity in the identity of the Arab woman . In the five literary works Pillars of Salt by Fadia Faqir, A Woman of Five Seasons by Leila Al-Atrash, A Balcony Over the Fakihani by Liyana Badr, Dreams of Trespass by Fatima Mernissi, and In the Eye of the Sun by Ahdaf Soueif, water can mean different things to different people and these differing views of water reflect the diversity of class, societal expectations, education and socio-economic status that exists in Arab women. Therefore, these authors are establishing a multi-faceted view of Arab women, and challenge the reader to abolish their own social constructions and stereotypes about the Arab w oman. In an effort to organize and disaggregate the wealth of experience and knowledge relayed through these novels this discourse ic compiled to consider the following: what is the historical image and portrayal of Arab women? How do the images represented by these authors challenge this historical image? What are the implications of a singular image of Arab women? What lessons does one learn from the multi-dimensional view of Arab women in relation to Western feminism?

Divorce and children :: essays research papers

Parent and child relationship before, during, and after divorce West Hills Community College Parent and child relationship before, during, and after divorce I, have done a reading on a particular topic regarding parent-children relationships that can and do affect divorce. It was a magazine article from the family journal (Amato, Paul R., Booth, Alan). In its context it explained many different aspects and angles of the relationships. Now myself being of the knowledge of research, I have found this article to be relatively well put together: only in some ways. I have also noticed it to be very sporadic in other directions. In the first way I feel that it brings up phenomenal points in the regards to the length of the study. I feel that a well put together research takes much time and effort of collecting information. The ten year span they have really shows the heart and soul put into everything. The second way is the diversity of people from which they asked to participate in the study. In my opinion, many people have many different life styles. When you receive the answers back and notice a resemblance in most of them, then you have a strong leg to stand on. The third way is the way the researchers remained consistent in there findings. There wasn’t an abundance of ups and downs. This could have been just a coincidence, but for the average person reading they are much stronger to believe the findings. Now onto the negative side of how I feel about this research. The first finding is the way they proclaimed there to be problems in the relationships of the parent-children before divorce. I don’t feel that you can compare the relationship problems in that time period. They suggest that because of the strained relationships at this point, around ten years before the divorce, is the reason why the divorce happened. I completely disagree with this. There are two many variables in a parents marital relationships to start then blaming the children. Now I know that the children can create some what of a hardship at times, but it is not the cause of divorce. Marital relationships carry many hardships and burdens at times. They have financial problems, work issues, and outside interferences. Children may be the case for a very few individuals, but not the majority or the end result for divorce. The second pessimistic side is the average age of the children, which they chose to use: also they didn’t bare any information on how many children were in each house hold.

Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice :: Merchant of Venice Essays

Shylock in William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice Shylock is a Jew in the play "The merchant of Venice". He has a daughter called Jessica and he is in many ways a victim of anti-Semitism. Shakespeare brings across Shylock as a Jew using many different devices. For example he uses anti-Semitism to show that Shylock is meant to be portrayed as an isolated character. Anti-Semitism was based on religious grounds back then, they held the belief that Jews murdered Christ and were therefore in the league of the devil, this is why the Christians in the play and the directors of the play are vengeful towards Shylock. I believe that Shakespeare deliberately isolates Shylock, which then makes the play more effective, because putting all Christians in the play wouldn't give the play such a strong plot, as it has now. There would be no verbally abusive things said to both the Christians and the Jew and no remarks or stage directions used to show Shylock as the outsider, because the Christians would have treated him like one of their own! From the occurrences at that time, there were no rumours going around about the Jews which were mostly all made up, but it then gave Shakespeare an incentive, which resulted in portraying Shylock as the villain. Firstly, what is definitely noticeable is that Shylock is presented as an outsider. A way that this is proven is when you look at the directors, entrance notes an exit notes, they stand out considerably because Shakespeare writes Shylock "The Jew" this immediately denotes a difference within the play. Another way that Shakespeare is making the audience consider the fact Shylock's an outsider, is his use of language. It's very repetitive and it's conspicuous he's an outsider, he ends his sentences wit "well" every time. The sort of treatment that Shylock obtains from the other characters is that of a more aggressive and rude nature, but Shylock returns their vicious comments by a play on words and his hate for Christians,

Tom Clancy’s Net Force: Changing of the Guards Book Report

Tom Clancy’s Net Force: Changing of the Guards Book Report Looking for a book that will wake you up and make you wonder about the covert world of computer crime and computer crime-fighters? Look no further! Tom Clancy’s Net Force: Changing of the Guards is a book that will keep you reading until you fall asleep! Changing of the Guards, written by Steve Perry and Larry Segriff is set in the Net Force world, which was created by Tom Clancy and Steve Pieczenik. Set in 2013, ten years after it was written, it is our world just with much more advanced computer systems and technological devices. It is based around Net Force HQ, a â€Å"secret† base much like the FBI has at Quantico, that a government agency is based out of to detect and end computer crime. There are a few major players in the series and a few villains unique to this novel. Alex Michaels is the head of Net Force, who is stepping down from that position. Tom Thorn is the officer who is taking his place. Jay Gridley is the best computer operator on the good side of the law. John Howard is the head of military operations, who is also stepping down. Abe Kent is taking his place. A few of their wives play minor roles in the story. Sam Cox is the main villain of the novel, who, he and his company are worth billions of dollars, and he was a soviet spy in his youth. Eduard Natadze is a Georgian hitman for Cox who is a serious classical guitar player. This story is set up in the common style; bad guy appears, bad guy appears to win, bad guy gets defeated. In the beginning, Jay is working in decrypting a list of old soviet spies. Cox orders Natadze to capture Jay, but the plan he comes up with goes bad and Jay ends up getting hit with a bullet fragment in the head. He goes into a coma that is deeper than it should be because of a past injury. While he is in the coma, Alex, Tom, John, and Abe hunt for Natadze. However, they can not find any leads. Things seem dire, until Jay wakes himself out of the coma he is in. He, along with a few sudden realizations, manage to hunt down Natadze. However, they can not connect him to Cox with evidence that will hold up in court. To take Cox down, they trick Natadze into thinking Cox tried to kill him so he would kill Cox. My favorite part of the book is the coma. Jay is stuck in a coma, and he realizes this, so he devises a plan. He woke up from the last coma by strengthening the brain waves from alpha to beta to theta to delta waves. Each step requires more concentration. To do this, in the dreamlike coma, he creates an event like he does with VR simms, or virtual reality simulations. He creates a strong man competition in his mind, where he challenges the four wave strengths. He defeats Alpha easily. Beta also falls easily before him. Theta is the first real challenge, and he barely defeats him. As he challenges Delta, he realizes that he needs to focus on the challenge, not on defeating Delta. Doing so enables him to create delta waves in his brain and wake himself up out of the coma. There is one main underlying idea in this story. At the end, after Natadze is tricked into killing his boss, Jay finishes decrypting the list of soviet agents. On this list, that Cox was supposedly on, he is not listed! The idea behind this could be interpreted in two different ways. One is criminal activity never pays off. The other is let sleeping dogs lie, for if you kick it, it will wake up and bite you. This book is a must read for any Tom Clancy fan. It is set in the Net Force setting that is comparable to the original â€Å"Jack Ryan† series. It is written very well, and it will not disappoint anyone who likes Tom Clancy. However, I would not recommend this book unless you have read the whole series up to this book. There are more than a few things that, unless you have read the series, you will not get. This book was written with Clancy fans in mind. While there is a large series put out by Clancy that is continuously being lengthened, there are many people that are daunted by the size of his books, and many that have finished all of his books. This book was written with these people in mind, as it is written in Clancy’s style but it is only 318 pages. If I could save any one character in this book from disaster, it would be the very minor character, Tyrone, Alex Michaels son. I identify with him, as in this book and other books, he goes through struggles like I have. He also goes through more than any teenager should need to. He shoots and kills an assassin that is trying to kill his dads coworker and his pregnant wife. This books ending is wonderful. I love how the evil peon, (Natadze), gets away while the evil kingpin, (Cox), dies. In most books, the minion dies and the kingpin gets away. Also, I like how the good guy, (Thorn), bends the law to make sure that Cox does not get away. The person that I would like to have as a friend is Jay Gridley. He does not care about himself, he only cares about his country, his family, and his friends. If there were more people like him in the world, not only would the world IQ average go up, the world would be a better place. The book Tom Clancy’s Net Force: Changing of the Guards Book Report is a great book that will hook you in and not let you free until you finish it. A must read for all Clancy fans, it has characters that go much deeper than just a name.

Children can’t be disciples so they can’t be Christians either Essay

I believe this statement has many argues for and against this view, I will be looking at both sides of this argument and producing my view. It is very hard when discussing Christianity and in which the age of someone is defined a child or adult, in the Christian world, is a child judged as an adult at the young age of 5 or 6? When a child is confirmed at the age of 14 or 15? Or is when you are legally classified as an adult at the age of 18? But who can put the boundaries on faith, religion and your own personal beliefs? In Marks Gospel we learn that we should have child like qualities, this is telling us that child like qualities is what we need to be a good Christian, Honesty, enthusiasm, trust no matter what the case may be but then on the other hand they may not be spiritually and intellectually developed yet and be able to understand the aspects of being a Christian and disciple of Jesus, they believe in such things as Father Christmas, the Easter Bunny Rabbit and the tooth fairy their beliefs for that is strong. They have faith in these and great enthusiasm but to their knowledge all of this is real not make belief therefore they can not have the complete commitment and understanding of being a Christian but they can learn and develop into one. Some may say that Children are more like Christians then anyone because they disciplined, they attended church, say there prayers and tend not to commit crimes and obey by the 10 commandments as adults tend to be able to do that more. Children such as baby’s cannot make a commitment for life and decide for themselves so they can be baptised and Godparents and parents will help guide you to Jesus until you can make your own decision and choose to get confirmed which is a positive response. A faith of a child can come from their parents who have faith but then how can these young people be able to understand it unless you have experienced something to believe it, which is the case in many stories, so then†¦ When children have had a life changing experience are they criticised for not knowing how to be a Christian? Children may be selfish as they need a lot of care and it is all about themselves but they can do kind deeds spend time with disabled people and do kind gestures which is all about being a disciple of Jesus and following the nature of discipleship in the beginning in Marks Gospel. Based on these arguments I believe to an extent that children can be disciples of Jesus and good Christians because as long as they believe and act as a Christian they have hope and faith in God, and in time their knowledge will grow as they follow the foot steps of Jesus.

Press Statement Essay

An approach to aspects of a child abuse investigation in a modern society using police and community cooperation (A reference to the media)   Ã‚   As traditional communities erode and our societies become more diverse, feelings of insecurity grow, fear of crime increases and questions of identity and citizenship come in question A threat on the safety of our children has culminated to an investigation into the cause and the socio-political aspects of the problem. Our law officers and the stakeholders of the social welfare are investigating and researching on various socio perspectives and trends that are described as possible factors leading to the problem. It’s not commonplace in this society to have incidents of child abuse and as such we are working towards stemming down any possible link and also address the problem collectively through arresting those perpetrating such crimes.   Ã‚   Out of every ten children in our community one of them has reported abuse or aggressive behaviour. 17% of the children report that their attackers were burly or sickly looking. 25% of the children are now afraid of venturing into the neighbourhood. The rate of these abuses has rose up with up to 11% which is a considerable rate.    We have checked on any psychopathic connections to the few cases that have been reported. We are also evaluating theories and investigating curtails that have suspect characters that are substance abusers and their possible involvement. We are comprehensively analyzing socio-economic factors as well as ideological issues which could be eliciting the problem. We believe some people might have ideologies which force them to think and argue that children rights and safety are not important. These ideologies result to hate against children. We also view childless individuals who have developed frustration and stress levels might be involved due to obsession with the idea of harassing other people’s children due to this frustration.      We are establishing stereotyping, class and other social factors which have negative impacts on children social groups. Apart from these theories we understand victimisation based on family and social feuds might victimise children. We are working on looking into any possibilities of parents, select social classes, estate neighbourhoods and school based feuds as being the cause of the problem. Some disgruntled parents or neighbours might be trying to settle scores, seek payment of a debt, drug money and illicit business dealings and other bad dealings gone sour might be causes. We are establishing all these theories so that we can close in on the perpetrators so that not a single aspect of the problem will result to unjust prosecutions or any victimisations.   Ã‚   As members of the society we understand that there are various socio-political aspects of crime pattern and jurisdiction that we have to flow and collectively approach when dealing with suspects. We assure the members of the society that we will not victimise or arrest any suspect without credible evidence on his involvement or connection. We understand and respect all human rights and abide by principles of justice. No suspect will be charged until investigations establish credible evidence of involvement. This will be done according to the law and we will emphasise on justice being administered in accordance to all penal codes as stipulated and comprehensively understood in the judicial system. We attribute rise in crime and related social anomalies to changes in economic structure are altering the pattern of regional inequalities (UNICEF 2006).    On the other hand we blame radical political changes on the faà §ade of some expression values, especially in the fourth estate. Too much exposure of various aspects of the judicial system acts to people with criminal intent has increased affableness to crime due to the knowledge and criticism on aspects of legislation and police action on the issues as well as the legal loopholes. We are encouraging more concise and distinctive media education and publishing in judicial and social values content so that we can have a responsible and safe society. We are sure that political dividing lines of class and religion are eroding and cannot sustain values and ethics of safe and respectable humanity.   Ã‚   The perception of increasing violent crime, often drug related, has gone along with a rise in anti-social behaviour: petty criminality such as vandalism on housing estates, or extreme rudeness, disrespect and lack of consideration for others. (Liddle & Lerais 2006). We expect that all acts against children will come to book in accordance to the United Nations act that protects children against anti-socio behaviour on children (UN 2007). We are optimistic we will arrest and put behind bars those involved and successfully contain the problem. Sources (Liddle & Lerais 2006) Europe’s social reality: pp 5 UNICEF United Nations (www.undp.com )

An Analysis of a Saint or Sinner through Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance

Merton’s strain theory presupposes that deviant and criminal behavior is a result of deprivation within the societal structures. This is due to a failed integration of socially accepted goals with the means to achieve them. Within this theory Merton provides five adaptation modes which people utilize to cope with the strain. These adaptations may end in either good adaptation or development of deviant/criminal behavior. Al Capone is an example of this theory as he is a possible example of innovation adaptation leading towards criminal behavior as symbolized by his success within the crime world of the 1930s. An Analysis of a Saint or Sinner through Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance American sociologist Robert K. Merton borrowed Durkheim's concept of anomie to create his own theory which he called the Strain Theory. The theory presupposes that delinquency is not merely a response to sudden social changes as theorized by Durkheim but is instead a result of a social structure that fails to integrate predetermined societal goals with the means to accomplish them. This structural disintegration leads to the formation of deviant behaviors and ultimately criminal behavior. According to the theory, there are five modes of adaptation that people form as a reaction towards the strain caused by the restriction from socially accepted goals and means. These are namely conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion. These adaptations can either lead to both positive and negative outcomes. For example, adaptation through retreatism can lead to social withdrawal and thus creates for a better likelihood of turning towards drug and alcohol abuse (Sociology at Hewett, 1999). As for another example, the well known and iconic American mobster Alphonsus ‘Al’ Capone is a possible outcome of the innovation mode of adaptation. Born to Italian immigrant parents, Al Capone didn’t have a privileged childhood. Together with seven other siblings, they lived in lower Brooklyn, a notably rough neighborhood. Al dropped out of school at the age of 14 and became a member of two kid gangs, the Brooklyn Rippers and Forty Thieves Juniors. Al Capone lived most of his life during the â€Å"gangland† era of American history to which he used his innovative skills to get ahead. The success of his mob organization, known as The Outfits, is solely credited to Al Capone’s organizational skills. Within five years of inheriting the organization from mentor Torrio, Capone has managed to take over most of the underground market of Chicago. Alternately, his rise to power also signaled the worst period of lawlessness America has ever faced (Chicago Historical Society, 1999 n. . ). Al Capone’s brilliant actions in the world of organized profiteering are classic examples of innovation leading to criminal behavior. Deprived by society’s structure of the means (education, opportunities) to attain the common goal of â€Å"good fortune through hard work,† Al Capone instead turned to the world of organized crime to attain his multi-million fortune. Deprivation is the primary cause of deviant behavior acc ording to the strain theory but this doesn’t limit deprivation to the economic sense only. If it were the case, then there won’t be any offenders in modern society who belonged to the capable and well-off , but as we all know that isn’t the case. In reality there are cases of privileged individuals who still manifest deviant or criminal behavior. Their behavior is still rooted in deprivation somewhere along the societal structure but this may imply other areas. Such areas may include metaphysical and psychological territories possibly including intellectual capacities, emotional quotients, psychologic anomalies and many more.

Research on the major developments that contributed to the modern Paper

On the major developments that contributed to the modern model of health insurance - Research Paper Example Major developments in health insurance include but are not limited to the Hill-Burton Act of 1946 and the HMO Act of 1973. The Hill-Burton Act of 1946 is directed at offering loans and federal grants in order to improve the physical plant of the hospital system in the nation. Another name for the Hill-Burton Act is the Hospital Survey and Construction Act. Since their start, the Democrats and the Republicans designed the HMOs with a view to eliminating the individual health insurance. The HMO Act was proposed by President Nixon and was passed by the Congress in 1973. The HMO Act of 1973 established new and more cost effective health coverage which had constituted only a little portion of the market until then. The only main HMO till 1969 was Kaiser Permanente most of whose members would join only through unions (Holleran, 1999). The HMO Act together with Medicare ultimately eradicated the affordable individual health insurance

Two different Market Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Two different Market - Term Paper Example There are a number of differences in the characteristics of both market structures; the main differences are experienced in the number of sellers, product nature as well as the barriers of entrance and exit in the market. A market that is structured on the basis of perfect competition comprises several buyers and sellers, and the prices in the market are decided by the forces of demand. This means that no one controls the prices and sellers are simply price takers. In case of monopoly, there is only one single seller and the prices of goods and services are decided by the organization (Arnold, 2010, p. 494). Karachi Electronic Supply Corporation is an example of monopoly as it is the only electricity supplier in the region of Karachi. Another distinguishing characteristic of both monopoly and PC is the barrier to entry and exit. In case of PC, there are no barriers to entry or exit: anyone can enter a particular industry and can produce any particular good or service. In PC, entrance of a firm in a particular industry is dependent on demand for particular goods and services. Goods and services that are demanded more are produced more. In case of monopoly, the single firm in the market or industry is the leader, and it is very difficult for other firms to enter the market. This is because monopolies are price makers and they can reduce their prices to block other firms from entering. Secondly, firms in monopolistic markets hold some kind of competitive advantage such as technological advantage, and other firms may not be able to access those technological advancements and may fail to compete. In case of perfect competition, the goods and services sold are homogenous in nature. This means that all the firms produce a similar kind of goods and services and close substitutes of goods and services are available, which provides consumers with the benefit from choosing between several sellers of different products. In case of monopoly, there is only one seller of a pr oduct and there is lack of homogeneity. This means that the goods and services produced by a firm in monopoly cannot be produced by others, so consumers have little to choose from and have to accept the product at a particular price set by the seller. In the short run of a perfectly competitive market, the first to enter as a seller in the market enjoys more benefits as compared to those who enter later, and thus those who enter first can set higher prices and enjoy a higher amount of benefits. In the long run, an organization faces a lot of competition since there is no barrier to entry. Due to this, the profits for all the competitors decline, and those who entered first have to adjust their prices according to competitors, and their profits even decrease. As the profits continue to decline, competitors start leaving the market and look for new opportunities. In the case of monopoly, the firm may experience zero competition, but in the long run it might face the threat of new entr ants and, at that time, the firm may need to decrease its prices to block new entrants, and thus their profits may decline. Similarly in the long run, a new entrant can come up with a technological innovation and can reduce the production cost. This can give an ample amount of competition